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David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA

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Ciggy
Billy Ruben
true lilly
Everybody, Loves Sod..!!!
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Post  Ciggy Mon Mar 07, 2011 12:41 pm

true lilly wrote:And now can please put ALL, WAY OFF TOPIC, SICK DRIBBLE Posts of BILLY RUBEN and Ciggy, such as What CONTAMINATES THE FIRST PAGE of THE (NOT STARTED BY ME), "PART 2" of "MY" Thread, away in their own cess pit?

I suggest you begin posting in English.
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Post  true lilly Mon Mar 07, 2011 2:37 pm

Ciggy wrote:
true lilly wrote:And now can you please put ALL, WAY OFF TOPIC, SICK DRIBBLE Posts of BILLY RUBEN and Ciggy, such as What CONTAMINATES THE FIRST PAGE of THE (NOT STARTED BY ME), "PART 2" of "MY" Thread, away in their own cess pit?

I suggest you begin posting in English.
ha ha, poor BOT can't 'read' expresions of HONEST, INDEPENDANT, FREE Thought...but can always be a COMPLETE ARSE.
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Post  true lilly Sat Mar 19, 2011 6:20 pm

Only hacked up bits appear, then, I'm Blocked from posting, Again!
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Post  true lilly Mon May 02, 2011 12:17 pm

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 891864 Very Happy
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Post  true lilly Sun May 08, 2011 4:05 am

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 354817 David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 154874 David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 354817
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Post  true lilly Sun May 08, 2011 9:31 pm

true lilly wrote:QUOTE:
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Image
cori
9-5-2011


GUNTER SACHS' youngest son is named HALIFAX

HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, CANADA:

Quote:


In Halifax sind 121 Opfer der Titanic-Katastrophe von 1912 auf dem
Fairview Cemetery bestattet worden. Weitere 29 Opfer liegen auf dem
Mount Olivet Cemetery und dem Baron de Hirsch Cemetery in Halifax.

121 out of the Titanic victims are burried at the Halifax Fairview Cemetery.
29 more Titanic victims are burried at two other Halifax Ceneterys (Mount Olivet and Baron de Hirsch).
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 543px-Halifax-Collage1

HALI-FAX

FAXEN in german means to be silly, to JOKE around

_______________________________________________

Try again Cori...you are twisting meanings, AGAIN,
as, far from "silly jokes",
YOU ARE DESCRIBING YOU:
YOU ARE AN UGLY, CONTORTED, MALICIOUS PRAT,
"HAVING FUN AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHERS".

http://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-meaning-of/german-word-faxen.html

German Words for fax
Fax, Faxgeryt, Faxkopie

English words for the German word faxkopie
fax

English words for the German word faxen
grimaces, pranksters


grimaces
–noun 1. a facial expression,
often ugly or contorted,
that indicates disapproval, pain, etc.


German Words for grimaces
Faxen, Fratzen, Grimassen

German Words for pranksters:
Faxen

pranksters

–noun a mischievous or malicious person
who plays tricks, practical jokes, etc.,
at the
expense of another.

German Words for prat:
Depp, Dummkopf

...and dixie d says:
There are 2 other Halifax I can think of...

City of Halifax and the Handley Page Halifax

Whether there are any links on those pages, I don't know.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax
to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._462_Squadron_RAAF
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 462_Sqn_%28AWM_P01523033%29
A No. 462 Squadron Halifax in 1944
No. 462 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force squadron
which forms part of the Information Warfare Wing
in the RAAF's Aerospace Operational Support Group.
The squadron was first formed in 1942 as a heavy bomber unit
and saw combat in this role in the Mediterranean area
until it was disbanded in March 1944.
It was reformed in the United Kingdom
in August 1944
to participate in the bombing campaign against
Germany,

and in December that year converted toa specialist electronic warfare
unit.


No. 462 Squadron continued in this role until the end of the
European war in May 1945
and was disbanded in September that year.
The
squadron was reformed in its current role during April 2005.
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Post  true lilly Fri Jun 10, 2011 4:54 am

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 823521
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Post  true lilly Mon Jun 20, 2011 7:22 pm

true lilly wrote:
true lilly wrote:thanks, says heaps...
....
http://forum.davidicke.com/showthread.php?t=11956&page=2893

Slippery People
https://youtu.be/OB0eTlnBTf0

Life During Wartime

https://youtu.be/X8Hg5MYL1RI

Rather a little TOO PROTECTIVE of
That SOD, "sod...!!!" ASS ANGE
(Sod...!!! assange), hey sod...!!!...

yes, here's only one of the countless images of
Sod...!!! ASSANGE that 'they' won't allow to be posted...

>http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTtbS9yY3KrFfe5kbSQnF8iRLSQqYsH8HH9AndU0Vpb-X3prjR1<

>http://resources2.news.com.au/images/2010/12/16/1225972/358878-Sod...!!!-assange.jpg<

ote="true lilly"]David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Vlcsnap-368084

A feud (David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 11px-Loudspeaker.svg /ˈfjuːd/), referred to in more extreme cases as
a blood feud, vendetta, faida, or private war,
is a long-running argument or fight between parties—
often, through association fallacy, groups of people,
especially families or clans.

Feuds begin because one party
(correctly or incorrectly) perceives itself
to have been attacked, insulted or wronged by another.
Intense feelings of resentment trigger the initial retribution,
which causes the other party to feel equally aggrieved and vengeful.
The dispute is subsequently fuelled by a long-running cycle
of retaliatory violence.

This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation makes it
extremely difficult to end the feud peacefully.
Feuds frequently involve the original parties'
family members and/or associates, can last for generations

and may result in extreme acts of violence.
They could be viewed as
a pathological form of family honor.

Losch, Tabakov
Capital Management LLC

CHARLIE MUNGER ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN MISJUDGMENT
Speech at Harvard Law School (date unknown)
http://www.loschmanagement.com/Berkshire%20Hathaway/Charlie%20munger/The%20Psychology%20of%20Human%20Misjudgement.htm

12. Bias from envy/jealousy.

Well envy/jealousy made, what, two out of the ten commandments?
Those of you who have raised siblings you know about envy,
or tried to run a law firm or investment bank or even a faculty?
I've heard Warren say a half a dozen times,
"It's not greed that drives the world, but envy."

Here again, you go through the psychology survey courses,
and you go to the index: envy/jealousy, 1,000-page book, it's blank.
There's some blind spots in academia,
but it's an enormously powerful thing, and
it operates, to a considerable extent, on the subconscious level.

Anybody who doesn't understand it
is taking on defects he shouldn't have.

~~~ ~~~ ~~~

...sibling rivalry is particularly intense when children are
very close in age and of the same gender,
or where one child is intellectually gifted
"Psychological maltreatment between siblings
is one of the most common
yet often underrecognized forms of child abuse."


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 200px-Cain_leadeth_abel_to_death_tissot

Cain leads Abel to Death,
by James Tissot.

In the Bible the story of Cain and Abel
tells of one brother's jealousy
after God appeared to favour his sibling,
and the jealousy ultimately leads to murder.


Jacob tricks his brother Esau out of his inheritance;

sisters Leah and Rachel compete for the love of Jacob;

while Joseph's brothers are so jealous
that they effectively sell him into slavery.


ISAAC and ISHMAEL..."he shall be a wild ass of a man:
his hand shall be against every man,
and every man's hand against him;
and he shall dwell in the face of all
his brethren."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael

IT is NOT "BLOODLINES" that separates=makes holy,
but the INDIVIDUAL'S SPIRIT.


envy/jealousy...
it's an enormously powerful thing...
Anybody who doesn't understand it
is taking on defects he shouldn't have.


Yes, an sufficiently envious sibling WILL DESTROY NATIONS
if that's what it takes to "win" a vendetta against "BLOOD"
they are jealous of.


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Veil300-300x340
Convicted veil liar goes free
A Sydney magistrate had described
the Muslim woman's crime as
''malicious'' and ''ruthless''.

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Art-353-veil-200x0
Protected...
http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/woman-convicted-of-police-veillifting-lie-set-to-go-free-20110620-1gbzk.html

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 892476-burka-row
A Muslim woman
sentenced to six months' jail
for making a deliberately false statement
has been freed on appeal after the judge said
he could not be sure who was behind the burka.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Yes, The War of Sibling Rivalry, Is OLDER than The Hills!

...and who pushes the:
BLAME & BOYCOTT ISRAEL;
IGNORE & DENY ISLAMIC CRIMES;
(not so) Secret Agenda...the LOONY LEFT,
GREENIE "peace"NICS=NIX=NO!...
crying, "peace, peace & justice for all",
with CROCODILE tears, as they Ensure
There Is NO PEACE...

...it's not so hard to KNOW YOUR ENEMY.
There aren't that many in 'deep cover'
compared to those SCREAMING IN YOUR FACE
for SPECIAL Treatment of some MOB, Animal,
tree or DIRT or other...usually while DENYING
INDIVIDUALS 'too white, Western or Jewish' to be
"special" enough for
JUST recompense for WORK done
or INjustices SUFFERED
!



Sense of panic in Labor's slide

  • Andrew Bolt
  • From:
    Herald Sun
  • June 17, 2011
    10:27PM
  • 20 comments
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 673349-rudd-gillard
Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard in Canberra.
Picture: Gary Ramage
The Daily Telegraph

KEVIN Rudd this week turned from an irritant
into a deadly threat to Prime Minister Julia Gillard.

Rumours of two screaming matches this week between Gillard
and her foreign minister have been denied by Rudd.
But what couldn't be denied were photographs of the two
walking in Parliament House together this week after a rare meeting
in apparent anger and mutual loathing.

A festering sore has been opened since a front-page story
in the Canberra Times this week alleged Rudd was plotting a takeover.

In a way, that's hardly news.

Rudd clearly dreams of snatching back his job
from the woman who took it from him a year ago.

He does not rate Gillard on brains or learning. He will also have seen
what a dog's breakfast she has made of the job since she took over,
driving down Labor's support in Newspoll from 52 per cent of
the two-party preferred vote to a humiliating 45 per cent.

He'll also have noted a sense of panic now within Labor.

Only this panic can explain the preposterous announcement byClimate Change Minister Greg Combet that the Government would
spend $12 million of taxpayers' money to sell its carbon dioxide tax,
even though there is no tax in place to sell.



That is not just unprincipled and against Government guidelines.
It is also almost suicidal,
drawing a furious rebuke from the two
independents propping up the Government, Rob Oakeshott and Tony Windsor
.

No wonder former Labor powerbroker Graham Richardson this week admitted
voters had stopped listening to Gillard
and
"I doubt that Labor can win the next election now".

But Labor's tragedy is that it has no obvious alternative to Gillard,
which leaves Rudd, now rated in polls as the people's choice
to run the party that doesn't want him.

Rudd has frantically wooed that vote, but the other half of his effort
has been to not lift a finger to save Gillard.

He has done virtually nothing as foreign minister to rescue her
from her two worst foreign policy crises --
the ban on the live cattle trade with Indonesia
and the failure to clinch the deal with Malaysia
to swap our boat people for refugees.


Where is Kevin? Why has he not flown to Malaysia? Rushed to Indonesia?
That's what makes this week's tense meetings with Gillard intriguing.
According to Rudd, the subject was Indonesia, and the cattle exports --
which should have been his focus for two weeks.

It's true, the loathing for Rudd is too strong for Labor MPs
to go back yet to the man who nearly ruined them last time.

Labor number crunchers told the Sydney Morning Herald on Friday
that Rudd could rely on just 11 of the 115 votes in caucus.

But the point is, they're now counting. And Gillard is on death watch.

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Julia+gillard+and+the+bird


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Virtuosity_ver1

>http://resources2.news.com.au/images/2010/12/16/1225972/358878-Sod...!!!-assange.jpg<

http://resources2.news.com.au/images/2010/12/16/1225972/358878-Sod...!!!-assange.jpg

...it's the last one, him in
BLACK & RED showing The "V"...


...and who pushes the:
BLAME & BOYCOTT ISRAEL;
IGNORE & DENY ISLAMIC CRIMES;
(not so) Secret Agenda...the LOONY LEFT,
GREENIE "peace"NICS=NIX=NO!...
crying, "peace, peace & justice for all",
with CROCODILE tears, as they Ensure
There Is NO PEACE...

...it's not so hard to KNOW YOUR ENEMY.
There aren't that many in 'deep cover'
compared to those SCREAMING IN YOUR FACE
for SPECIAL Treatment of some MOB, Animal,
tree or DIRT or other...usually while DENYING
INDIVIDUALS 'too white, Western or Jewish' to be
"special" enough for
JUST recompense for WORK done
or INjustices SUFFERED
!

...so poor little,
"bigger than everyone", "saviour of the world",
WIKILEAK'S Sod...!!! ASSange, is scared of little old
powerless, unconnected true lilly, including him in a news post, hey...
...like all the other bullies who, too scared to take me on, face to face,
CON, BLACKMAIL & hire dumb bunnies to do their dirty work...
...and folk still want to TRUST 'HIM'="them", to "do good"????
[/quote]
The MAJORITY is of BELOW or Average intelligence.
The MAJORITY Is ALWAYS WRONG.


Sod...!!! Assange
leads Time Magazine
Person of the Year poll


  • NewsCore
  • From:
    NewsCore
  • December 08, 2010
    1:50PM
  • http://resources2.news.com.au/images/2010/12/08/1225967/641250-Sod...!!!-assange-on-time-cover.jpg

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 641250-Sod...%21%21%21-assange-on-time-cover
http://resources2.news.com.au/images/2010/12/08/1225967/641250-Sod...!!!-assange-on-time-cover.jpg
Cover of Time Magazine
featuring
WikiLeaks Founder
Australian
Sod...!!! Assange
12/2010.
Herald Sun


WIKILEAKS' founder Sod...!!! Assange is leading an online poll to be
named Time magazine's "Person of the Year" - while an online bookmaker
painted him as the equivalent of Saddam Hussein in betting terms.

In a poll on Time's website, Assange had 298,975 votes -
76,207 ahead of Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and more
than 160,000 ahead of pop singer Lady Gaga, in second and third places.Other
big names in the poll include IT figures Steve Jobs and Mark
Zuckerberg, who were trailing at 22,164 and 15,933 votes respectively.Being
named "Person of the Year" doesn't necessarily make you a public hero -
Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin have also been previous winners of the
title.But online bookmaker YouWager.com is betting on Time playing it safe this year - saying the odds of Assange appearing on the prestigious cover are only 20 per cent.
Related Coverage

  • WikiLeaks: the Pentagon connection The Australian, 1 Apr 2011
  • Assange complains of conspiracy Herald Sun, 3 Mar 2011
  • Assange helped crack kid porn ring The Australian, 11 Feb 2011
  • WikiLeak's Assange on 60 Minutes Courier Mail, 27 Jan 2011
  • Assange a dobber, magazine reckons Herald Sun, 23 Jan 2011

"With all the fervor against him in the United States right now,
he's the equivalent of Saddam Hussein," Cory Scott, operations manager
for the website, told the Toronto Sun, referring to the former Iraqi dictator who was executed in 2006."It seems to us a magazine like Time isn't radical enough to choose him."Assange,
39, was refused bail and remanded in custody until next Monday during
an extradition hearing at the City of Westminster Magistrates' Court in
London.The decision followed his arrest by appointment at a
London police station on four charges, including one count of unlawful
coercion and one count of rape related to alleged incidents in Sweden in
August.Following his arrest, Time magazine was forced to deny rumors the Australian had been removed from candidates in its online poll."Not
only has Sod...!!! Assange NOT been banished from the TIME Person of the
Year Poll, you can vote for him right here," the magazine tweeted,
providing a link to its website.The Time "Person of the
Year" will be named by editors of the magazine next Wednesday and issue
will hit newsstands the last week of December.
true lilly
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Post  true lilly Tue Jun 21, 2011 2:02 am

Sites evaporate after hack
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 320-internet-90x60
ASHER MOSES
At least 4800 Australian websites
have been lost with no chance of recovery
after hack attack on web host.
70

Hackers
release manifesto
for web
war

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 931374-lulz-security

GROUP who have hit websites
of CIA, US Senate and Sony
claim to have targeted
British organisations
in war against governments.


...and After the French Revolution...

  • 5 War and Counter-Revolution (1792–1797)
  • 6.3 Reign of Terror
  • 9 Role of women
  • 9.1 Feminist agitation

The revolt and its suppression
(including both combat casualties and
massacres
and executions on both sides)
are thought to have taken
between 117,000 and 250,000 lives

(170,000 according to the latest
estimates).[80]
Because of the extremely brutal forms
that the Republican repression took
in many places,
certain historians such as Reynald Secher
have called the event a "genocide".


...but don't let me stop 'them' LEADING YOU
TO THE SAME DEAD End, in DEMAND of your
"freedom"...From YOUR Honour, Duty, Responsibility,
and the JUST 'rewards'; as is Your 'right'.

Sites evaporate after hack
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 320-internet-90x60
ASHER MOSES
At least 4800 Australian websites
have been lost with no chance of recovery
after hack attack on web host.
70
...and interesting to,
how many times this post has been "edited"
by someone other than me...well at least,
unlike any,
"Mr. Founder of Wiki'leaks',
Sod...!!! ASSANGE"
revealing posts,
it does show in some form
Rolling Eyes
true lilly
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Post  MoMo Sat Jul 09, 2011 11:19 am

Ahoy!!! You've got two choices lilly; #1: Hold onto the pain and wallow in self-pity or;

#2: Accelerate your healing process and climb to new levels of fulfillment and understanding.

Cause & Effect

Gratitude, realise your 'cup runneth over'...........you have Freewill

The moment you let go of expectations you invoke Freewill, your ego is no longer in control
. thumbs up



Last edited by el kabong on Mon Aug 01, 2011 12:33 pm; edited 1 time in total
MoMo
MoMo

Posts : 1856
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Post  MoMo Mon Aug 01, 2011 12:26 pm

Notice lillys opinion of Israel, it explains alot thumbs up

true lilly wrote:Get ready for more TORAH SPAM...
...poor, pathetic el kabong...still churning out,
the words of those who say,
"they know God, BUT GOD DIDN'T KNOW
WHAT HE WAS TALKING ABOUT, WHEN HE
DESCRIBED THE WHOLE WORLD and ALL
THE EARTH"
...

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Australia2

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Australia_Includes
SEE!!!
The AREA of EUROPE "SHOWN",
ON This COMPARISON
.
Now, DO YOU want to do some HONEST WORK and
ADD UP ALL THOSE NATION STATES' POPULATIONS,
then ALSO COMPARE THAT!
...?


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Upside_down_map

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 5448228707_82db33acd0

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 5448228729_35dc3b73c2

...ah, but it's THIS
that's really GOT YOUR GOAT...

Comparison of the size of
Israel vs. Australia


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Australi
Note: Israel is shown in blue.

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Australia_israel
Now, WHERE would a THINKING Person
see GOD RE-GATHERING
HIS 5 to 10% REMAINING
of The World's Population?

In that recently invented, shit strip of desert, 'israel', or...




The Australian maps over the world
can help you visualize how
vast this country is.

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 2.21-Australia-over-the-wor
LIE #1: These overlaid Australian maps show the relative size of Australia
over the world to help in comparing it to the major other ares in the
world.

LIE #2: For easy comparison Australia’s land area is 7,706,168 sq
km. Europe on the other hand has a square km area of 3,483,066.
Australia is just about twice as large as all of Europe and is two
thirds as large as the continental United States.

It is
remarkable that Tourists arrive here thinking I will rent a car and
drive all over it in two weeks. For those of you who like the beach
there is about 12,000 km of beach. Plenty of room for you, your beach
chair and umbrella.

Aboriginal Art is available in all major cities but it is produced
mostly in the Northern Territory, Central Desert and Arnhem land areas
of Australia. Contact us through our contact page for more detailed maps
of those areas.
Maps Australia over the world, courtesy of www.bartelpc.com.au
Australian Maps
Aboriginal History
Home Page

Oh but remember, GOD ALSO PROMISED
to PRESERVE a RICH,
STABLE LAND...

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 1.1275976241.just-to-see-how-big-australia-really-is

UNlike ...

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 01_map
...and EVERYWHERE ELSE...
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Image006

It's all about SEEING WHAT IS, IN PERSPECTIVE...
...AS GOD DESCRIBED, FROM THE BEGINNING...

...NOT, ONLY a few short thousand years ago,
BY THOSE WHO DIDN'T KNOW,
MOST of GOD'S WHOLE EARTH EXISTED...
Rolling Eyes

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Slide0029_image002

Refuting lillys Lies #s 1 & 2 thumbs up

http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/largecontinent.htm

Largest Continents in Area
1. Asia - 17,139,445 square miles (44,391,162 square km)
2. Africa - 11,677,239 square miles (30,244,049 square km)
3. North America - 9,361,791 square miles (24,247,039 square km)
4. South America - 6,880,706 square miles (17,821,029 square km)
5. Antarctica - About 5,500,000 square miles (14,245,000 square km)
6. Europe - 3,997,929 square miles (10,354,636 square km)

7. Australia - 2,967,909 square miles (7,686,884 square km)


Australia is the Smallest, the Runt Continent. thumbs up

The map of Europe lilly superimposes on Australia is NOT the whole continent. Compare the Reality as compared to her lie. thumbs up

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Europe

Well it is obvious you are Anti-Israel and Antisemitic. Let's see your source for your Area Sizes you Posted. I'm calling your Bluff. Again thumbs up
MoMo
MoMo

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Post  MoMo Mon Aug 01, 2011 12:45 pm

What about these facts lilly? Do you comprehend any of this? I've asked you before.

thumbs up

Tzelem Elokim=Humankind as Image of Yah/God

1: Has Intelligence

2: Has Freewill

3: Has component of Spiritual Being-A Soul

4: HaShem/YHWH Rules the Universe and Spirit World, Humans have dominion over the Lower World.

5: Has the faculty of Judgement

6: Has an inherent Holiness and Dignity



As created in the image of God, humans are endowed with "three intrinsic dignities": infinite value, equality, and uniqueness.

The first means that human life cannot be weighed, measured, or compared in terms of, that is, subordinated to, any other value. In the Kantian Parlance humans are always a goal or end in themselves and never a means to something else.

The second term implies that no person or group is privileged over another. In fact, Idolatry results when a person or group absolutizes itself or its message.

The third idea reinforces the dignity of every human by insisting that each person is irreplaceable and has a special role to play in the redemption of the world.

The Jewish religion is founded on the divine assurance and human belief that the world will be perfected." Judaism engages with and seeks to overcome these realities of history through its notion of covenant. The covenant is that dynamic which God inaugurated in history, that partnership between God and the jewish people, to achieve the dignities for which all humans were created. Jews are those teachers, models, and co-workers-having both a divine and human partners - whom God designated to help all persons and even nature achieve redemption. For Greenberg, the messianic dream of perfection will not be realized by divine fiat, but by "improving this world, one step at a time."

These understandings of God, humans, and the world are expressed through the Torah and lived-out by the Jewish people through the Holy days and the Halakhah. In this view, Torah is that divine teaching which stands as "the constitution of the ongoing relationship of God and the Jewish people." Rabbi Greenberg

This expanded view/articulation of higher values help us to search for Yahwehs presence in the secular Realms of Life, some peeps call this: 'Holy Secularism'.

The Covenant is essentially a Divine, Loving, Pedagogic process. As Humans become more competent, Yahweh invites them to take up a more active role in the Task of Tikun Olam/World to Come, as Co-Creators.

The lay people of Yahweh play a more influential role in discerning Yahwehs purpose and in carrying out His Divine Mandates.

Later, ensuing Historical events reshape understandings of earlier Teachings.



Summarized

We=ALL Living things-creatures-sustained and Nurtured by Yahweh-will fill the World with Life.

* We will reshape the Historical Reality, the Flesh & Blood world we inhabit, to sustain that Life at the highest possible level.

* Life will multiply and triumph Quantitatively over all its enemies; including Entropy, Death, and Disorder.

* Life will equally triumph Qualitatively.

* All of Lifes’ capacities/potentials will be developed fully and realized.

* When Life blossoms to its fullest capacity that treats all Life, especially Human Life-the most developed form-and sustains it with the highest and fullest respect that it deserves, then Life will be in harmony with existence and deeply related to Yahweh, its Source and Sustainer(Natural Laws)

* This is the Jews Story, and by default; the Christians/Xns.

* Telling the Story of Creation is the Jews 'Witness'. The present evidentiary Facts contradict the Narrative fairly substantialy.

* Yet, This Story of Creation is shared by Jews and Xns.

* This Story leads Humans to see existence as best they can, from a Cosmic Perspective-Sub Specie Aeternitatis.

* From that Vantage Point there are Three Grand Movements in the unfolding Pattern of the Cosmos

1: The World is moving from Chaos to Order. From the Big Bang, with no Laws of Nature to the regularity of the Life sustaining Laws of Nature.

2: The World is moving from Non-Life to Life. From a State in which no life existed to the emergence of Life. From one cell, untold replications, life has grown Quantitatively, and developed Qualitatively. It has luxuriated and spread into a vast range of forms over and through a variety of sustaining conditions/environments.

* The declaration that Life is growing, moving from non-life to life is counter-intuitive.
Death & Entropy refute that contention.

The 'Key' is Yahweh-The Hidden, Infinite Source of Life with limitless Goodness, Love and Power that sustains Life and Nurtures every possible Form of Life into Being.

* Yahweh, the Divine Source evokes the Third Grand Movement of the Cosmos

3: Life is growing ever more to resemble its Ground: Yahweh.

Life moves from being less to becoming more and more like Yahweh. The highest form of Life, the Human Being, represents the High Point reached thus far.

In Human Form, life so resembles its Maker that it is called; Biblically; 'The Image of Yah'

* This emergence of "The Image of Yah" is the Turning Point in Cosmic History according to Jews & Xns.

Up to that point Life has been sworn to 'Be Fruitful & Multiply' (maximizing reproductive success) through a built-in control Programme-A 'Selfish Gene'- that drives the process.

* The 'Image of God' Consciousness is so much like Yahwehs that Humans are able to 'grasp' this overall pattern of which we, ourselves are part, and to join voluntarily in its realization.

* Similarly, the Human 'Image of Yah' has a capacity to Love ALL their fellow creatures and every aspect of the Universe, as well as the Maker of it all and the Beauty of the Plan.

* Once Humans understand and embrace this understanding, they will lovingly identify with and willingly participate in the process of Perfection.

* Yahweh has invited us, as Humans, The 'Image of Yah', to enter into a Covenantal Partnership, committed to Love, to join fully in perfecting the Universe.

Tikkun Olam

* The People of Israel joyfully acknowledge that Yahwehs first Covenant, the Noahide Covenant, never superseded, is made with ALL Humanity, not exclusively with Jews and/or Xns alone.

* It is made with ALL Sentient Beings.

* ALL Beings are called to recognize and participate in Natures Patterns.

* To accept Limits.

* To Direct their choices and actions in favour of Life.

* To join in working for Order against Chaos.

* We are ALL CHOSEN to become part of the movement from Non-Life to Life.

* We are commanded to increase Life and make it grow ever more like its Maker.


* The purpose of the Religious way of life is to create the nurturing ambience of memory and experience, of relationships and actions that sustain Human growth and turns it towards Yahweh.

* Being in the 'Image of Yahweh' brings with it more Yahweh like capacities. It bestows intrinsic Dignity, a climatic extension of that respect to which all of life is entitled.

* The People of Israel hold these Truths to be self-evident: That ALL Humans are created in 'The Image of Yahweh'; and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rightts, among which are:

* Infinite Value

* Equality

* Uniqueness.

These are Birthrights of every Son & Daughter of Yahweh

The Sinai Event was the ultimate Social Engineering event.

The Torah is the first, and oldest Religious Book written in an Alphabet/Alephbet ........this alters the hegemony of the Brain to being left hemisphereical centric=Abstract, linear and sequential. the ground for Theoretical Science....

THE UNIVERSAL DESIRE FOR CLOSENESS TO G-D...AND THE SECRET OF THE SABBATH by Rabbi Chaim Richman

The following teaching from the riches of the Oral Tradition is about a level of understanding the Sabbath which is relevant to Jews and non-Jews alike. It is based on a teaching by Rabbi Chaim ben Atar (1746-1793), known as "the holy Light of Life," based on the title of his most famous work.

I. The World Intuitively Pines for G-d
Man - The Centerpiece of Creation
The created world can be divided into four basic categories: the inanimate, plant, animal, and 'speaking' life - man. Man, the highest level of creation, is the only creature endowed with the capability of speech, and this is what singles him out as a completely separate category - he has the greatest potential to develop a relationship with his Creator. He is the center of creation and its purpose and crowning achievement. For this reason, he was created last, and introduced into the Garden... to enable him to enter into a complete world, ready for him, furnished and equipped in advance to house its illustrious occupant.

Every Level of Creation Possesses a Soul
Man is followed by the members of the animal kingdom. Next in line comes the plant kingdom, and finally, inanimate creation - the lowest level of creation, as exemplified by stone. Even stone, the Torah teaches, possesses some degree of life-force, however weak. For it is impossible for something which the Holy One has created to be incapable of recognizing Him. Therefore, commensurate to that degree of life-force, awareness of the Divine could be said to exist within it...

Desire for Closeness to G-d... The Prime Mover
And so the soul, the essence, of every creature, each according to its level of understanding, has some inkling of the greatness of the Creator, and actually carries on a relationship with Him. This soul is constantly driven with endless passion to come closer to the source of all life, the Great and Perfect Light of the L-rd... how much more so should this be true among the higher, more spiritual elements of creation who understand to some extent what it means to 'cling' to the light of the living G-d.

All of Creation is United in the Desire for Closeness to G-d
Herein lies one of the greatest secrets of creation...

All life on earth... and even the actual physical elements that comprise the planet itself - the entire world as one, including every level of creation, from the lowest level of the inanimate - stones and earth, to the highest and most intelligent life-form, man himself; an endless pageant which spans every creature, plant and animal - all are constantly and inexorably united by an all-consuming, burning desire for G-d. This is the vital force which drives the world; this desire is the power which fuels the universe... it reverberates within the entire life-force, and the whole globe, like a man beating with one heart, knows on the deepest level with absolute clarity that there is nothing as sweet, desirable, and sustaining as 'Dveykut' - the ability to 'cling' close to the light of the Creator. This is the purpose of life itself, and on the deepest collective intuitive level, all are aware that nothing else is worth living for. This longing is itself the vital life-force of everything, and the entire world draws from it at once. In other words, this longing for G-d is what fuels the world to go on.

Because G-d is the Creator of all existence, He maintains an intimate link with each and every creature, regardless of its spiritual capacity. Obviously not all of creation is equal in spiritual sensitivity. Regardless of this, that link of intimate knowledge still exists, according to its degree of conciousness and development.

Three Revolutionary Innovations in Human History took place.

1: Monotheism

2: Universal Codified Law

3: An Alephbet 1,800 BCE

Monotheism rather than Polytheism, Rule of Law for All rather than the Divine Rights of Kings or Queens and an Aleph/Bet, less than thirty characters that replaced Iconographs/Ideograms and Hieroglyphs, enhancing Literacy amongst the masses.

The abstraction of all these innovations were mutually reinforcing.

Yahweh proclaimed that there exists a Codex of morality that stands above Human intercourse.

The 10 Commandments applied universally to everyone. no King, Pharoah, or Potentate was above the Law.

Refutes the rubric that 'Might makes Right'.

Yahweh expected all His Chosen People TO READ what He inspired to be written.

The Pentateuch is the oldest Book written in an Alephbet-Alphabet. Prior books were written in Cuneiform, Hieroglyphs etc......

Yahweh forbade anyone from visualizing Him. No Images. No Idolatry.

He sanctioned only the written word.

This promulgates equality and openness.

An overarching Theme of the Pentateuch, and ensuing Books of the Bible is: Justice for all.

A distinguishing feature of the Pentateuch from other belief systems of the Time is its dominating Theme of: Righteousness,

Living a pious life and obeying written law was/is more important than winning Battles, honouring the King, or sacrificing to a local god.

Justice for all was a unique community standard in an era when the dominant principle was a raised and clenched fist.

Unlike other ANE Sagas, the Exodus begins with the people shackled slaves.

Unlike other ANE Sagas, Yahweh 'Chose' the people rather than the people choosing their god.
This rediscovery allows each to uncover and affirm each others role in the Divine Plan. The Kingdom of Yahweh is advanced and comes closer.

'You are my witnesses says Yahweh' Isaiah 43:10
The People of Israel are Yahwehs Servants, 'Chosen' to witness to the loving Creator and the Divine Plan for Humanity and the Cosmos.

The People of Israel = not just the Israelis, or Jews, but to all who affirm that Yahweh has made a valid Covenant with Abraham and his descendants and all who take up the task of World Redemption so that the covenant can be fulfilled.
For that is the purpose of making the covenant.

Xns and Muslims are recognized as Abrahams children when they purge themselves of Supersessionist claims and hatred of Jews.
To be True to its Witness, the People of Israel tell 3 Stories to the World, the rest of Humanity, in the presence of Yahweh and in the presence of their fellow Humans.

1: They tell the Story of Creation, the Divine Vision of an intended perfect World. Jew & Xn stake their existence that this World will come to be.

2: The Story of the Covenant, the process operating between a Divine-Human partnership whereby our imperfect World will be brought back to that state of Perfection.

3: The Story of Redemption-sometimes called: 'The End of Days'-'The Messiah Story'-which is the culmination and realization of the process.

At the end, Holistic perfection will be achieved.
Peace between Humans.

Between Humans and all the rest of Life, between all Life and Nature itself, and between all of the above and Yahweh.

Three Stories add up to one comprehensive Story: The Triumph of Life

Before Monotheism there had never been Religious Warfare.

The Polytheistic Cultures were live and let live about other culture Deities and often borrowed and share aspects.

The Polytheistic Deities were usually Local Deities, not Universe/Worldwide.

Polytheist had National gods, Local gods, family gods and personal gods, even their pet animals had gods.

Monotheism was a Major Advance along the road to Enlightenment, but came at a high cost.

Monotheism encouraged people to think in new ways. A Monotheistic Creator Being not tied to a concrete Image/Picture is a very Abstract Concept..

Abstraction is a crucial component of Logical Reasoning and its use can liberate people from superstition.

Devotion to an Abstract Deity has a Heavy price.

If everyone agrees there is only one, true, Living Creator Being, and different groups conceive of it in different ways, then whose perception of that Deity is the correct one?

Examine each groups values and praxis.

Different perceptions have inspired some groups to wage war and engage in forced conversions.

This never occurred in Polytheistic Cultures.

They had many wars but for the usual mundane reasons, Land, Treasure, Women, Power over others for the sake of Power alone, but they never waged Religious War.

One effect of an Alphabetic based Monotheism is the brain is using a new abstract, linear, sequential, and reductionist means of communication which moves people who learn it and use it into a Left Brain, Masculine Mode, rather then the usual Pictographic, Feminine Right Brain Mode.

The Aleph/Alphabet subliminally coaxes users to be intolerent of other Iconic Systems of Beliefs.

This is illuminated in the Ten Commandments.

As stated before, Judaism is the first religion to be based upon universal literacy, the written word.

When Moses came down from his meet and greet with YHWH on the mountain, the multitude had fashioned an Idol/Golden Calf, this dicombobulated Moses so much he dropped the two stone Tablets Yahweh had written the ten commandments.


Allegorically: In the first confrontation between Image and Written Word, both were destroyed.

As the story goes, Moses returned to the Mountain Top and Yahweh provided him with another set. Yahweh also taught Moses the Alephbet.

The 10 Commandments; The first four Commandments are for the Recognition and service/Worship of Yahweh, the remaining six focus on our fellow humans, loving and serving them.

The Commandment to Honour Both Father and Mother elevates and recognizes the importance and status of Women in the Family Group.

Loving your neighbour is not one of the Ten but appears in the Torah/Instruction, Leviticus 19:18.

The last six commandments are not unusual, and found in other Codexes of Laws, The First four Commandments are Unique.
Each one of the four encourages Alphabetic Literacy by rejecting the Right Brains way of 'knowing'.

One effect of a new, abstract, linear, sequential and reductionist means of communication moves people who learn it into a Left Brain, Masculine Mode.

Social Engineering.

The 10 Commandments: The First four concern Recognition/Respect and Service/Worship of Yahweh.

The remaining six are love and respect of fellow humans.

The Ethics they embody are more sophisticated then other contemporary ANE Cultures.

The commandment to honour BOTH Father and Mother signifies the womens important role and in the Family Unit.

Loving Neighbours is in the General Torah/Instruction: Leviticus 19:18

The last six commandments are not unusual, the first four commandments are unique. Each of the first four encourage Alphabetic literacy by rejecting the right brains way of knowing.

The First Commandment:

20:2 I am Yahweh thy Elohim, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.

20:3 Thou shalt have no other elohim before me.

In one fell swoop subserviates all other elohim/gods & goddesses.

Nothing personal, it was business.

The Meta-Message of the First Commandment is that Yahweh is the Master of the Universe, He is self-existant, and all other elohim/gods & goddesses are created beings, subserviant to Him. Psalm 82

Psalm 82

82:1 Yahweh stands in the congregation of El; he judges among the elohim.

82:2 How long will you judge unjustly, and accept the persons of the wicked? Selah.

82:3 Defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and needy.

82:4 Deliver the poor and needy: rid them out of the hand of the wicked.

82:5 They know not, neither will they understand; they walk on in darkness: all the foundations of the earth are out of course.

82:6 I have said, You are elohim; and all of you are children of the most High.

82:7 But ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes.

82:8 Arise, O Yahweh, judge the earth: for thou shall inherit all nations.

All of Yahwehs Titles are masculine.

The First Commandment is a radical break with the Hebrews past environment. Moses and the Hebrews had left Egypt which was Polytheistic, alot of gods and goddesses worship.

Yahweh declares there is no worship of other gods or goddesses. Full Stop.

Perhaps the most radical sentence ever written.

The Second Commandment:

20:4 Thou shall not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth:

20:5 Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I; Yahweh thy Elohim am a jealous Elohim, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me;

20:6 And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.

No Graven Images, Icons or Idols, Statues.

Learning to think without Images is indispensable to Alphabetic Literacy. The Power formerly rendered to Images/Pictures is now transferred to the written word.

Make no Graven Images is a ban/restraint on Right Brain Pattern Recognition.

The Third Commandment:

20:7 Thou shalt not take the name of Yahweh thy Elohim in vain; for Yahweh will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.

Do not use Yahwehs Name vainly, with Malintent. Again; Left Brain.

Yahwehs first instruction to adam isto Name all the critters. Through Naming, Adam attains dominion over all the Earth. Naming confers meaning and order, moving Life from Chaos to Order.

To Name is to know, to know is to control. Order out of Chaos.

The Fourth Commandment:

20:8 Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.

20:9 Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work:

20:10 But the seventh day is the Sabbath of thy Elohim: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates:

20:11 For in six days made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it.

Seven Days are not a Natural Break Point in any of Earths Major Natural Rhythmic Cycles-Lunar-Solar, except the Quarter Moon.

This facilitates the learning of Aritmatic.

Leviticus 25:3-10 is about the Jubilee Years, the 50th,

No other ANE culture at that time had instructed the general population to compute complex time periods, this had formerly been the domain of the Priestly Castes.

The Time Commandment lays the foundation for the concept of Justice, a well developed sense of Linear Time is necessary to conceive of Punishment delayed and Rewards postponed.

Non-Literate Cultures are not as pre-occupied with the notion/concept of Justice as the Literate, because they do not conceive of time only as linear.

Non-Literated peeps tend to think of death as a passage to another World, not as a Day in Court.

Alphabets stretch out the sense of Time and make possible the awareness of the possibility of a retribution Time in the distant future.

A Judgements day only occurs in Literate Cultures.

Alphabet Literate Cultures became aware of writing History in a Linear, Chronological sequencing of Events.

The fourth Commandments Mechanical/Sociological ramifications is instructing people to be aware of Passing Time.

This was the advent of the seven day week, and a day off every week.

A day off for ALL Humans, Free and Bond, and ALL Beasts of Burden and the Farmland every seven years isto lay fallow to rejuvinate the enzymes in the ground.

This led to Sundials, waterclocks, Pendulums, Escape Mechanisms, Cogs, Gears, Calenders.

Time is a key function of the Left Brain.

Each of the First Four Commandments trains people in the ability to: Think Abstractly, linearly and sequentially.

Collectively, they produce a Mindset that enhances the use and facility of Alphabetic Literacy.

This Technology welded the small group into a cohesive and coherent Nation/Culture.

What occurred at/in Sinai was unique, the Authority of the Written Word superseded the authority of the Image.

Reiterating the Revolutionary Innovations that occurred at Sinai:

1: Monotheism emerged,

2:Universal Codified Laws establishing Moral Ethics

3: The Alephbet-Proto Alphabet emerged. The Hebrews reduced thosands of Images/Hieroglyphs/Petroglyphs/Ideograms/Pictograms into two dozen Characters, enabling Universal Literacy

For the first time ever, Religion demanded the follower be Literate. It is Commanded the Fathers obtain Scrolls of the Torah and teach them to their children.

Moses Commanded; Thou shall read the Law before all Israel Deut-31:10,11

The Reading of the Torah remains the most sacred obligation of every Jew.

Yahweh was concerned, unlike other gods, about the actions of everyone of His people.

Yahweh actually cares.

If someone was cheating/exploiting widows and orphans, mistreating strangers and slaves.etc.......YHWH knew and became wrathful.

The polytheistic gods did not.

Yahweh in His written Laws provided preventive Medicine, unknown to Egypt and Mesopotamis.

He explicitly spelled out in excruciating detail and minutia exactly what He expected from each and every Israelite.

Each Israelite established a personal relationship with Yahweh.

All of Yahwehs Laws were written down and everybody knew them.

It was an absolute Judaic condition that every male was literate.

Ignorance of the Law was no defence.

The Hebrews were the first to embrace Alphabetic writing, the Torah is the first Book written in an Alphbet.

The 10 Commandments were transmitted in a written Alphabetic form; Paleo-Hebrew.

Abstract letters/grammatical sequence/uniconsonantal phenomes.

The Alephbet/Alphabet introduced the possibility of Universal Literacy, so we may honestly thank and praise Yahweh that we are Literate!

All together now: Hallelu Yahweh!!!


Woot!!!! Wooot!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

So once upon a time way out in the Sinai Desert a radical new communication technology emerged that would forever change cultural perceptions and that the first people to utilize it would introduce fundamental principles and features underpinning Western Civilisation.

Historical Data: Proto-Sinatic Alphabet

Discovered by Sir William Flinders Petrie, very early 20th century. Dated to: 1,800 BCE

Egyptian Coptic 2,000 years later/after

Tell el Armana Cache Phoenician 1,450 BCE letters from Canaanite Leaders to Akhenaton were scribed in Cuneiform

Akkadian Cuneiform after Sumerian Conquest.

An amazing vortex of Science and History occurred in the Sinai that the worlds oldest alphabet was found where the Hebrew Nation had their seminal experience.

Yet another Unique Concept brought forth at Sinai is the Concept of Free Will.

Throughout the ANE, Babylon, Egypt.etc......humans 'believed their fate, destiny was in the hands of the gods.

The Sinaitic Covenant convinced the Israelites that every decision was theirs to make: Choose Life or Choose Death.

The choice between Right and Wrong was upon the individual. This beget the concept of Guilt, 'Guilty Conscious'; an internal Quality Control.

Moral Realtivist may consider this an ambiguous area, but is it really?


Bottom Line of what occurred at Sinai, lo those many years ago, the Power that once had been given to pictures was transferred to written words.

The Power of the Right Brain was Transferred to the Left Brain.

The Alephbet/Alphabet is the Book of Yahwehs/Bibles Eminence Grise-The unsuspected power.



Superorganisms/memes compete, as one Entelechy rises, others fall.

Of all the ANE Superorganisms/Memes, only the Jews have survivied.

Alphabetic Literacy profoundly reconfigured the relationship between the Hebrews and their Deity and between the Hebrews and their neighbours. The other ANE cultures.

The Jews have an unshakable faith.

The Religious beliefs of the Sumerians, Babylonians, Hittites, Hyskos, Hurrians, Cretans, Mittani, Assyrians, Persians, Canaanites, Ugarites, Akkadians, Egyptians, Greeks, Phoenicians, Philistines, and Roman Belief Systems have diminished greatly and most have disappeared.
The Hebrew Faith has withstood the Viscitudes of times, surviving catastrophes that should have extinguished them.

From the Alphabet Effect and the Oxford Companion to the Brain/Mind

East/Right...............................West/Left

Ideograms........................................Alphabet

Right brain oriented.............................Left Brain Oriented

Non-Linear........................................Linear

Acoustical.........................................Visual

Analogical.........................................Logical

Inductive..........................................Deductive

Concrete...........................................Abstract

Mystical............................................Causal

Intuitive...........................................Rational

Generalist.........................................Specialist

Decentralized......................................Centralized

Local................................................Universal

Integrative.........................................Fragmented

Space Oriented....................................Time Oriented

Traditional.........................................Progressive

Cyclic Time........................................Continuous Time

Algebraic...........................................Geometric

Concrete Science..................................Abstract Science

Order & Pattern....................................Natural Law

Craft.................................................Technology

Invention............................................Exploitation

Technique...........................................System

Customs-Mores (confucious)......................Codified Law

Harmony of Nature (Tao)..........................Monotheism

Relativity............................................Absolutism

The Human Brain has three evolutionary layers.

1: The Reptilian Brain=Instinctual

2: The Paleo-Mammalian= generates Emotions

3: The Cerebral NeoCortex=Imagination, Intelligence-Right and Left Hemispheres, Corpus Callosum-capable of Art & Physics

The three brains in one operate like three interconnected biological computers, each with its own subjectivity, its own special intelligence, and its own sense of Time & Space.

The Atavistic Human Reptilian Brain-The R-Complex, contains Programmes that are rigid, compulsive, ritualistic and paranoid.

The Paleo-Mammalian Brain-The Limbic System is the seat of archaic emotions that drive feeding, fleeing, fighting, and sex-they ensure survival.
All emotions are either pleasant or unpleasant-Pleasure & Pain are the two criteria of Judgement of the Limbic System, judges all experience.

Of the two cortical Hemispheres the Right Brain is in more direct communication with the archaic reptilian instincts and primative mammalian emotions.

An instinct permits no variation in an organisms response to a specific stimulus-Instincts are 'Hard Wired' forcing the organism to respond reflexively & repititously to any particular stimulus.

In mammals emotions may be considered the truncated remnants of reptilian instincts.

A specific stimulus detected by mammalian sensory apparatus always activates the same release of complex chains of neuro-transmitters and hormones.

Emotions impels mammals and hyper-conscious primates to commit repetitive instinctual behavioural patterns.

Fear impels flight or fight responses, hate, anger, jealousy impels them to kill, envy and greed impel them to steal, lust will impel them to cast aside caution and behave in a manner that could compromise their safety and/or survival.

Be that as it may-mammals have more complex brains then reptiles and can make decisions, and are therefore capable of making choosing between different responses.

Humans, due to the development/gift of the Cerebral Cortex; have Freewill, which enables us to override our emotions and modulate our response to environmental provocations.

* Humans have many choices

* Mammals have few

* Reptiles have none at all


Characteristics of the Right Brain

BEING-IMAGES-METAPHORS-MUSIC

"All At Once" 'Holistic' 'Gestalt'

Characteristics of the Left Brain

DOING-WORDS-ABSTRACT THINKING-NUMBER SENSE

"One at a time" Abstract, Linear, Sequential


RIGHT BRAIN

1: 'BEING': appreciates 'Feeling State'--complex expressions of emotions-Laughter-Faith-Patriotism-Ectasy-Grief-Love--Etc..Aesthetic Appreciation and Harmony.

There is no precise nomenclature for 'Feeling State', they are subjective, they cannot be precisely enumerated in scientific language, they remain ambiguous. They are: NONDISCURSIVE.

'Feeling States' are Non-Logical; they confute the rules of conventional reasoning.

As Blaise Pascal so succinctly put it: "Le Couer a ses raisons que la raison ne connait pas" The heart has reasons that reason will never know...........

'Feeling States' are authentic, the experience of Love, Hate, Joy, Grief, are known with an internal authority that is beyond the Realm of Debate.

The essence of a 'Joke', Faith in a God, Patriotism, Love are non-discursive, non-logical and authentic.

Intuition/Hunches, or why an object/subject is beautiful to one person but not to another.

Each 'Feeling state' lies beyond the tight circle of logic. When compelled to explain affective States, people usually rely upon that old tautological response: 'It is because it is'.

'Feeling States' do not progress in a linear process, Getting a Joke, Intuitive Insights come out of nowhere, Love at first sight, religious conversions ala Damascus Road are -"All at Once".

2: Images-Comprehension of Images--The Right Hemisphere takes in the 'Big Picture' in a holistic manner, it appreciates the relationship of the parts to the whole. The Right Brain assimilates Images as Gestalts-seeing 'All at Once'.

3: Metaphor: A mental innovation arising out of a unique combination of 'Feeling States' and Images.

Greek Root-Meta=Over and Above-Meta-normal

Phor-Pherein=to bear across

A Metaphor allows/causes the 'Leap' across the chas of one thought to another thought. Metaphors have several different levels of meaning simutaneously (All at Once) perceived and supplies plasticity to otherwise rigid language.

Communicating any affective, emotional 'Feeling State' requires the usage of Metaphor because the so called objective world can be described, measured and catalogued with scientific precision, the internal, subjective world of emotions eludes precise Scientific Analysis.

The verbal art of metaphor is poetry.

Metaphors linguistic cousins are: Similies, analogies, allegories, proverbs and parables. Each allow simultaneous levels of interpreting one single set of words.

Dream Interpretation, Myths, Religions, Dreaming is Right Brain-it is said Dreams are to the individual; what myths and myths are to the society.

The most potent combination of Metaphor & Image is Art.

Visual Art is non-discursive, non-logical and authentic.

the Artistes device is to use visual metaphor to transport a viewer from a neutral affective state to complex 'Feeling States'.

Awe, Shock, Pleasure, ............

When the Artiste is successful the viewer is Transported Metaphorically 'Bearing' us 'across and above'. There is no Transitory State, it is an 'All at Once', Quantuum Leap. That is Great Art, it is Successful.



4: Music-Ability to appreciate and create music is Right Brain. The appreciation of music is an emotion we share with more primative animals.

I lived with two Shar Peis, and everytime I would play Jean Pierre Rampal and Aleander Lagoya the dogs would come into the room and sit and stare at the speakers, I think the Flute charmed them.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwwNn2egm1E

Music demonstrates the Right Brains ability to process information as an 'All at Once' holistic gestalt by utilising multiple; incoming; converging determinants and integrating them synthetically.

Simultaneity is th eopposite of linear, sequential time, is unique to the Right Brain whose home ground is the realm of visio-spatial context, correlating parts to a whole whilst intuiting diverse relationships amongst them.

Multiple determinants, multiple emotions, multiple meanings, multiple images and multiple sounds converging into one State can be expressed through the metaphor of Space. The Right Brain excels at the appreciation of spatial dimensions and judging distances.

Driving, Skiing, and Dancing are in the dominion of the Right Brain.

The Right Brains principal attributes: BEING-IMAGES-METAPHORS & MUSIC echoe evolutionary techniques used by mammals tp comprehend Reality, All at Once, and are perceived holistically.

left brain

The Left Brains modus operendi is: 'DOING' rather then 'BEING'

An accepted rubric of Brain Laterization is the Respective Hemispheres control the opposite side muscular appendages--Left Brain=Right Hand--Right Brain=Left Hand.

The Act of 'willing' is Left Brain, the Right Hand Throws, Gathers, Fabricates.etc......

Rather then Simutaneity/All at once; what makes us 'Homo Faber' the Toolmaker is our sense of an Abstractm, Linear, Sequential series of 'Steps', 'Moves', 'Processes' that exist in Linear sequential Time which is necessary for Craftwork, Hunting etc.



Words-Vocalisations are Left Brain-Language is action Oriented, we abstract, discriminate, analyze and dissect the World into pieces-objects-catagories-that we can then grasp metaphorically and literally. A vocabulary is a Too set by which we act upon the environment.

From the Left Brain issues the generationa nd comprehension of speech with its intricacies of grammar, syntax and semantics.

Speech enables us to not only communicate with others but allows us to talk within ourselves and to ourselves.

Lower Creatures can SIGNAL
Advanced animals can INFORM
Only humans can Question, Dispute and Reason.

Abstract Thinking: This is the ability to process information/Data without the use of Images/Pictures and is the opposite of Metaphorical Thinking.

Words are Image substitutes the mind uses in building Concepts and to solve problems. When Humans evolved beyond thinking in Pictures they made a transformative evolutionary leap.

Previously meaningless phonemes/vocalisations became the words of speech and the tools of abstract thought.

Later when they combined the meaningless letters of an arbitrary alphabet to form visual words to represent the World, they created the Worlds very first Abstract art Form-The Alephbet.

Written Alphabetic Language. The Human Race had combined meaningless sounds with meaningless symbols and and created Civilization!

Abstract Thinking is usually performed within the Context of Causality which evolved from earlier Hominids perceiving, catagorizing the World into Spatial Events occuring in Time. Sunrise/Sunset--High Tide/Low Tide--Spring-Summer-Autumn-Winter.

The Human ability to recognize the intersection of Space & Time may be the precurser condition to recognise Causality and thus Formulate Logic.

The primary benefit of our Species derived from the use of Abstract Thinking was the strengthening of Foresight.

Logic is dependent on the proposition of: If-Then

A hypothetical 'IF' Scenario or idea is formulated in the mind and the placed left of 'NOW' (the past), next a hypothetical 'Then' scenario or idea is placed to the Right of 'NOW' (the future)

One may now apply Forced Logic, and Inductive and DEductive Reasoning to mentally deduce the probability of the 'IF' proposition leading to the 'THEN' proposition and initiate, modify or withold ACTION.

Logic is NOT Holistic, nor is it conceived of as a GESTALT, it depends upon an Abstract Linear Sequence.

IF-THEN Syllogisms are a reliable method of Foretelling/Predicting the Future Events thus replacing Omens, Portents; Oracles, Tarot, Astrology etc....

The Rules of Logic form the foundation of Science, Business and militatary Strategy.

Logical Thinking stands apart from other mental activities like: imagining, intuiting, reflecting, reminiscing, ruminating and daydreaming in that Logical Thinking relies upon a belief in a rigid coordinate system of Absolute Space and Invariant Time-

Number Sense: Ability to count originates in the Visio-Spatial Right Brain, and all higher animals can perceive and separate the concept of 'Oneness'; 'Twoness' and 'Manyness'. The Human ability to manipulate larger numbers is Suis Generis/Unique.

Calculation requires a level of Abstraction beyond the Realm of the Right Brain.

The Left Brain Rules Language and Numbers, the Language of Numbers is Mathematics, which arranges meaningless symbols which represent numbers into simple arithmetic, or into intricate, infinitesimal calculus.

When small children learn the alphabet they also learn mathematics.

The Left Brains innovative features: Doing, Words, Abstract Thinking and Number sense are processed in Abstract Linear Sequential Time.

To develop Craftwork Strategy, Language Logic and Mathematics the mind must range back and forth along the line of: Past-Present-Future.
The ability to fashion a Tool arises out of the Left Brain and relies upon the ability to memorize a series of steps in linear sequence.

The dominant hand is a specialized limb that is an extension of sequential Left Hemisphere.

Logic, Algebra, Physics equations all proceed in Time-Line by Line Proofs are the essence of higher math.

A series of numbers is a sequence.

Right Brain: Phylogenetic Learning, vision based and dependent on Space.

Left Brain: Learns Data/Information by rote in sequence-Time.

Right Brain: Holistic, Synthetic integration of Being, Images, Metaphors, Music-Functions: 'ALL AT ONCE'-All can be mapped using the vectors of Space.
Left Brain: Doing, Words, Abstract Thinking, and Number sense. Functions: 'ONE AT A TIME' All can be mapped by linear sequential Time.

Being, Metaphor, Image and Music are the Essence of Art.
Doing, reason, Abstract Thinking and Number sense are the essence of Physics


"From the point of view of evolutionary epistemology, the principle lesson of both special and general relativity theories is this: Human /beings are organisms capable of manipulating internal representations of the World by means of concrete operations and can transcend the bounds of their biologically given perceptione. They can liberate themselves and construct a view of reality that conflicts with intuition, yet gives a truer, more encompassing view."

Max Delbruck

"Time & Space are real Beings, a Male & a Female, Time is a Man, Space is a Woman"

William Blake



wave
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Guitar-playing-cat

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYlDltwm-JY

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Zdjecia-1681201085812


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thumbs up
git yer groove on!

thumbs up
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. cheers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tw7guzT6ANI&feature=fvst

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FBKa-bCasY


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 I170336510_62106_3

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Ding-dong-4607_preview

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sp3af4ZJS4w


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMniyUyqN_E

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David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Dancingcatmofm

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Ahhh

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COiIC3A0ROM
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Post  Billy Ruben Mon Aug 01, 2011 2:59 pm

now that's what I call a spam attack... lol! popcorn
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Post  MoMo Tue Aug 02, 2011 11:32 am

Billy Ruben wrote:now that's what I call a spam attack... lol! popcorn

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Laughing_dog
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Post  MoMo Tue Aug 02, 2011 1:03 pm

wave
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Guitar-playing-cat

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tw7guzT6ANI&feature=fvst

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Zdjecia-1681201085812


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 24204_1284502674581_full

thumbs up
git yer groove on!

thumbs up
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Tumblr_kvkqt6uy3t1qzw1zno1_400

. cheers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYlDltwm-JY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FBKa-bCasY


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 I170336510_62106_3

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Ding-dong-4607_preview

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 81502

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sp3af4ZJS4w


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 907651c4-88f0-48d7-9dba-4fed7c30f715

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Dancing_kitties

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMniyUyqN_E

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 8Orj-1i2-1

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Dancingcatmofm

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Ahhh

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COiIC3A0ROM
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Post  true lilly Wed Aug 03, 2011 11:29 pm

true lilly wrote:So, 'el kabong' as you so luuvvv to mis-use the fairy-tale's of men,
to sell the deadly lies of your 'god'...again and again and again,
all over the bloody World Wide Web of Deception, I shall re-post
a few short posts here, to go just a little way towards redressing
the imbalance of how those fairy-tale's are used:


Billy Ruben wrote:
true lilly wrote:
Billy Ruben wrote:UPDATE:

It's not a mother,it's an 18 year old girl/teeny lady.The police suspect,but
not confirming,that someone entered the premises and attached the
device to her,It goes around the neck (Necklacing) and to another device
around the waist.They have'nt figured out the trigger mechanism,
but she's alone,with the police and everyone else in the family is safe.

Criminal muslim elements suspected,but not confirmed.

It's a suspected extortion. Money. All about money, the usual motive.

But thanks, for letting me know, (via text), that you wanted me to know,
of another 'necklacing'. Rolling Eyes

Speaking of money;
do you know that what "tintin" sent his other dumb bunny
(to stick around and try to finish me off)
,
was only what he would regularly 'tip'
when eating out (most meals), around $AUS 1000.00 a pop,
give or take a few 100; roughly $AUS6600.00 all up.

Sad thing is, he (the dumb bunny), claimed to have wanted
a simple, family life, and he could have had that,
he knew and admitted it often, but chose to believe,
he would be, 'better rewarded' by destroying me for 'them'.


That dumb bunny has since lost, well, just about everything...
house, land, super...

And that's what happens
when you give your balls to women to crush,
instead of having the balls to be a man for your woman.


Oh and, you did see "tintin's" Maserati, that he boasts of driving,
and you are aware of his Jet Setting, International,
Opera going life style?
Simply pointing out why I call his dumb bunnies, dumb bunnies.

He 'funds' them with his waiters tips,
and they believe he's 'invested' in 'looking after them',
after the shit, misses the fan, and gets dumped straight on
his dumb bunnies. Rolling Eyes

So do you get it yet?
Why tintin, literally throwing thousands of Euros at me
to buy a washing machine, while telling me, I was
'too important to be wasting my time and brain'
(doing the laundry by hand a 4 in the morning),
had me gather them all back up, hand them back,
and remind him he was a guest,
not some, on-line sting...CAN you get it?


I don't find shame in honest work. I'm happy to do productive work.
And as all the productive work I do around my home, gets destroyed,
I take solace in doing work for others, that won't get undone.
And if I'm offered payment, I want no more than the job was worth.
Likewise, if a job is done for me, and I feel they ask too little,
I'll at least top it up with bountiful praise in the the ears of others,
if not also a cuppa, beer, good feed or whatever else I can honestly offer.

See, Freedom, to me, is not money,
but not being indebted in such a way that I can't say, 'No',
if asked to cross a line, that would make me someone I'm not.

And, contrary to sod's advice, I am not someone who "makes contacts".

Granted, there are those who's position requires them to make and
maintain diplomatic associations, but not being such a one, it's
all the more reason I don't abuse my friendships with such people,
by expecting or asking 'favours' of them...let alone envying
the wealth or positions they hold, that without fail,
draws countless user 'friends'.

In such 'unbalanced' relationships, all I do have to offer
to redress the balance, is a genuine friendship;
one that, 'cares for', not, 'takes from'....


...and why I'm bothering to give a dissertation on
the acts and attitudes that constitute a friendship,
to this audience Rolling Eyes, well, I can't even recall how I got onto the topic...
but I did, and it's an important topic, so I'll leave it here
for others to ponder...and even challenge me on if they feel the need.
Smile ...ah, that's right,
"tintin",the champion of false friendship:
Too poor in spirit, to 'buy' one little woman
with so little of what the worldly desire,
that even the povs mock her;
'mean' enough to go to the expense and trouble of
dropping the threat of, a 'burning necklace', on her,
for caring to show him, the blessings
of the repentant and faithful.

Surely, there must be some out there,
who can see that;
a job with a car and fuel card,
is not worth the job of,
being a false friend of good people,
for, that false friend, "tintin".

Ok,this is long and you're wanting me to comment on events I've only heard one
side of,let alone,I'm not personally involved with Tintin to be sound of
judgement,but hell,saying you're to important to do hand washing in the
morning and buys a washing machine for you,that's a pretty nice
thing,look,people hurt people,are you sure it's Tintin and not someone
closer to home.
I'll mod this post later,when I sufficiently wake up,have'nt even had a tea yet....just a cigarette.
At the risk of having you lot go off again, with false claims of,
"'me', making it 'about me'", when that's what all of you keep doing Rolling Eyes,
I will again state, that yes, I do know just how very 'close to home', my attackers are,
and of their International NETworking Partners.

Do you really think I wasn't aware of why my ex, suddenly, had to, fly to Sydney,
before "tintin" flew in; and even lent me his car to drive "tintin" around, something
he would never do when our, HIS and My, kids, NEEDED me to drive for them,
and he was too busy NETworking to care to bother to help them himself?

The husband who was 'chosen' by those even closer, to claim to share my faith,
to ensure my future family would suffer, for having a mother who loves, and
can't blame or deny God.

And that is, The 'class', of people my on-line attackers, serve...a very, very sad truth,
that may yet have some redeeming value, if any of those family members, stop fighting
The Creator God (by attacking those who love Him), and accept The Amazing Grace with which the Truly Repentant Are BLESSED.

Sod-Haus...!!! wrote:David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Lilliput
Swift gives the location of Lilliput and Blefuscu as Latitude 30°2′S, to the northwest of Van Diemen's Land.
Because this area is actually occupied by Australia,


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Gulliverstravels
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 233183 David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 93349 David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 233183

And you're laughing at those who still refuse to see,
that The Conspiracy behind all conspiracies, is to hide
the real world evidences of the saving truth of God's Word,
from those who would not join God's Enemies (who KNOW
HE EXISTS and CAN'T LIE), while 'they've' plotted to try to,
'make Him a liar', by trying to take the land He described
and promised to His Faithful...???...that's 'funny' to you?

That's sad to me.

But, it is also something God warned us watch for, from the beginning.
Yet more evidence of the faithfulness of God's Word.
As He also told us He would hide and raise His own watchmen, Princes and Kings
to keep the reminders of the truth of His Word until the time God's Kingdom is,
re-established on this earth, from where the healing waters will flow, to heal,
not only Israel and Judah, but all the remaining of the Nations.


Which is very good news, for those with the ears to hear it, and,
the character of Spirit to repent of their worldly lusts, and willingly serve,
The Perfectly Just, Creator of Life.


REVELATIONS 22:2
In 1722 the midst 3319 of the street 4113 of it 846, and 2532 on either 2532 side 1782 1782 of the river 4215, [was there] the tree 3586 of life 2222, which bare 4160 twelve 1427 [manner of] fruits 2590, [and] yielded 591 her 846 fruit 2590 every 2596 1538 1520 month 3376: and 2532 the leaves 5444 of the tree 3586 [were] for 1519 the healing 2322 of the nations 1484.


ISAIAH 33:
http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Isa&c=33&v=1&t=KJV#top

1
Woe to you who are despoiling, without you yourself being despoiled,
and to you who are dealing treacherously, without [others] having dealt
treacherously with you! As soon as you have finished as a despoiler,
you will be despoiled. As soon as you have done with dealing treacherously,
they will deal treacherously with you.

2
O Jehovah, show us favor. In you we have hoped.
Become our arm every morning, yes, our salvation in the time of distress.
3
At the sound of turmoil peoples have fled.
At your arising nations have been dispersed.
4
And the spoil of YOU people will actually be gathered [like] the cockroaches
when gathering in, like the onrush of locust swarms that is rushing against one.
5
Jehovah will certainly be put on high, for he is residing in the height.
He must fill Zion with justice and righteousness.
6
And the trustworthiness of your times must prove
to be a wealth of salvations—wisdom and knowledge,
the fear of Jehovah, which is his treasure.

7
Look! Their very heroes have cried out in the street;
the very messengers of peace will weep bitterly.
8
The highways have been made desolate; the one
passing over the path has ceased. He has broken the covenant;
he has contemned the cities; he has taken no account of mortal man.
9
The land has gone mourning, has withered away.
Leb´a·non has become abashed; it has moldered.
Shar´on has become like the desert plain;
and Ba´shan and Car´mel are shaking off [their leaves].

10
“Now I will rise up,” says Jehovah, “now I will exalt myself;
now I will lift myself up.
11
YOU people conceive dried grass; YOU will give birth to stubble.
YOUR own spirit, as a fire, will eat YOU up.
12
And peoples must become as the burnings of lime.
As thorns cut away, they will be set ablaze even with fire.
13
Hear, YOU men who are far away, what I must do!
And know, YOU who are nearby, my mightiness.
14
In Zion the sinners have come to be in dread;
shivering has grabbed hold of the apostates:
‘Who of us can reside for any time with a devouring fire?
Who of us can reside for any time with long-lasting conflagrations?’

15
“There is one who is walking in continual righteousness and
speaking what is upright, who is rejecting the unjust gain from frauds,
who is shaking his hands clear from taking hold on a bribe,
who is stopping up his ear from listening to bloodshed, and who
is closing his eyes so as not to see what is bad.
16
He is the one that will reside on the heights themselves;
his secure height will be craggy places difficult to approach.
His own bread will certainly be given [him];
his water supply will be unfailing.”

17
A king in his handsomeness is what your eyes will behold;
they will see a land far away.
18
Your own heart will comment in low tones on a frightful thing:
“Where is the secretary? Where is the one that does the paying out?
Where is the one counting the towers?”
19
No insolent people will you see, a people too deep in language to listen to,
of a stammering tongue without [your] understanding.
20
Behold Zion, the town of our festal occasions!
Your own eyes will see Jerusalem an undisturbed abiding place,
a tent that no one will pack up. Never will its tent pins be pulled out,
and none of its ropes will be torn in two.
21
But there the Majestic One, Jehovah, will be for us a place of rivers, of wide canals.
On it no galley fleet will go, and no majestic ship will pass over it.
22
For Jehovah is our Judge, Jehovah is our Statute-giver,
Jehovah is our King; he himself will save us.

23
Your ropes must hang loose; their mast they will not hold firmly erect;
they have not spread a sail.
At that time even spoil in abundance will have to be divided up;
the lame ones themselves will actually take a big plunder.
24
And no resident will say: “I am sick.”
The people that are dwelling in [the land] will be those pardoned for their error.

http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Isa&c=33&v=1&t=KJV#top
(and please, do care to study the full, root, descriptive, poetic meanings,
of every blessing Word
Very Happy )

P.S.
constantly repeating your same, proven lies, in other threads, without
showing my detailed posts that prove you to be a very bad liar, then
attacking me for replying with those detailed posts (to only a few of, your spammed,
filthy, lying posts), for 'spamming'
Rolling Eyes , is stupid. It shows you to be far too panicked
and desperate, to possess any credibility, what so ever.
Razz Wink
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 823521 dixie d, for this wonderfully timed post, in reply to
the fearful desperation of "tintin", "cori" and Co:

http://forum.davidicke.com/showthread.php?t=11956&page=2995
http://forum.davidicke.com/showthread.php?t=11956&page=2994
dixie d wrote:04-08-2011, 05:31 AM #29942
Any links to Cube (film)
I'm also wondering if there might be a link from this article...

UK police seize record £300mn cocaine haul and also a link to Bacardi Rum

Quote:
Facund Bacardí i Massó, a Catalan wine merchant, was born in Sitges, Catalonia, (Spain) in 1814, and emigrated to Cuba in 1830.
I'd also expect a link to Pepsi

I notice on the Pepsi wiki page it mentions...

Quote:
"Billie Jean", "Bad" and "Black or White". "Black of White"'s was promoting the Dangerous World Tour.)
Black or White

Quote:
The song was released by Epic Records on November 11, 1991
In the Roman calendar, November is the 9th month, and the 9th month in the Gregorian calendar is September.

So, I'd also expect a link to Rimping

Funny thing, I was just looking at a verse in the Bible, Genisis 4 verse 17, which says the following...

Quote:
And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch: and he
builded a city, and called the city, after the name of his son, Enoch.
On the Black and White wiki page I noticed Get Back and on that page you see the following...

Quote:
Around the time he was developing the lyrics to "Get Back",
McCartney satirised the "Rivers of Blood speech" by former British
Cabinet minister Enoch Powell in a brief
jam that has become known as the "Commonwealth Song". The lyrics
included a line "You'd better get back to your Commonwealth homes". The
group improvised various temporary lyrics for "Get Back" leading to what
has become known in Beatles' folklore as the "No Pakistanis"
version.[9] This version is more racially charged, and addresses
attitudes toward immigrants in America and Britain: "...don't need no
Puerto Ricans living in the USA"; and "don't dig no Pakistanis taking
all the people's jobs".[10] In an interview in Playboy magazine in 1980,
Lennon described it as "...a better version of 'Lady Madonna'. You
know, a potboiler rewrite."[11]
I also wonder if there might be a link to Rivers of Babylon

So, I'm not sure what all that means.
Last edited by dixie d; 04-08-2011 at 06:40 AM.


wow, and the links dixie added to that post...hint:
it does pay to read them them all, from top to bottom,
and deeper within...it's amazing graceful, what one can find...
Wink

"The Israelites"

Rivers of Babylon
UK number one single (Boney M version)
13 May 1978 - 10 June 1978
(my 17th birthday;
just after I first arrived in Sydney Smile Wink )


By the rivers of Babylon,
there we sat down,
yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion...
For there
they that carried us away captive
required of us a song...
How shall we
sing the LORD's song
in a strange land?

Let the words of my mouth,
and the meditation of my heart,
be acceptable in thy sight...

Psalm 19:14

It is one of a few pop songs whose lyrics
come directly from the Bible
(See also Turn! Turn! Turn! by Pete Seeger
and The Lord's Prayer by Sister Janet Mead).

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Cube_The_Movie_Poster_Art

...and yes,
I also remember seeing this movie,
and like those songs,
SEEING and HEARING
GOD'S LOVING and WARNING WORD Very Happy ,
and the mockery of GOD and HIS PROMISES,
that others did Crying or Very sad .
true lilly
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Post  true lilly Thu Aug 04, 2011 3:50 am

cori wrote:
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Image
The friggon freemasons own this planet.

I'm just not the Godloving type.
That's why,
(unlike GOD'S FAITHFUL,
HIDDEN amongst those
YOU SO BITTERLY ENVY)
,
YOU ARE the
DEATH LOVING type
who HATES,

WISDOM and LIFE.


Psalms 5:1-12
To the director for Ne´hi·loth.
A melody of David.

1
To my sayings do give ear, O Jehovah;
Do understand my sighing.

2
Do pay attention to the sound of my cry for help,
O my King and my God, because to you I pray.

3
O Jehovah, in the morning you will hear my voice;
In the morning I shall address myself to you and be on the watch.

4
For you are not a God taking delight in wickedness;
No one bad may reside for any time with you.

5
No boasters may take their stand in front of your eyes.
You do hate all those practicing what is hurtful;

6
You will destroy those speaking a lie.
A man of bloodshed and deception Jehovah detests.

7
As for me, in the abundance of your loving-kindness
I shall come into your house,
I shall bow down toward your holy temple in fear of you.

8
O Jehovah, lead me in your righteousness by reason of my foes;
Make your way smooth before me.

9
For in their mouth there is nothing trustworthy;
Their inward part is adversity indeed.
Their throat is an opened burial place;
A smooth tongue they use.

10
God will certainly hold them guilty;
They will fall due to their own counsels.
In the multitude of their transgressions let there be a dispersing of them,
Because they have rebelled against you.

11
But all those taking refuge in you will rejoice;
To time indefinite they will cry out joyfully.

And you will block approach to them,
And those loving your name will exult in you.

12
For you yourself will bless anyone righteous, O Jehovah;
As with a large shield, with approval you will surround them.

...read on:

http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Psa&c=5&v=1&t=KJV#top

PROVERBS 1 & 2
http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Pro&c=1&v=1&t=KJV#top
1
The proverbs of Sol´o·mon the son of David, the king of Israel,
2
for one to know wisdom and discipline, to discern the sayings of understanding,
3
to receive the discipline that gives insight, righteousness and judgment and uprightness,
4
to give to the inexperienced ones shrewdness, to a young man knowledge and thinking ability.

5
A wise person will listen and take in more instruction, and a man
of understanding is the one who acquires skillful direction,
6to understand a proverb and a puzzling saying, the words of wise persons and their riddles.
7
The fear of Jehovah is the beginning of knowledge. Wisdom and discipline are what mere fools have despised.

8
Listen, my son, to the discipline of your father, and do not forsake the law of your mother.
9
For they are a wreath of attractiveness to your head and a fine necklace to your throat.

10
My son, if sinners try to seduce you, do not consent.
11
If they keep saying: “Do go with us. Do let us
lie in ambush for blood. Do let us lie in concealment for the innocent
men without any cause.
12
Let us swallow them down alive just like She´ol, even whole, like those going down into a pit.
13
Let us find all sorts of precious valuables. Let us fill our houses with spoil.
14
Your lot you ought to cast in among us. Let there come to be just one bag belonging to all of us”—
15
my son, do not go in the way with them. Hold back your foot from their roadway.
16
For their feet are those that run to sheer badness, and they keep hastening to shed blood. 17
For it is for nothing that the net is spread before the eyes of anything owning wings.
18
Consequently they themselves lie in ambush for the very blood of these; they lie in concealment for their souls.
19
Thus are the paths of everyone making unjust profit. It takes away the very soul of its owners.

20
True wisdom itself keeps crying aloud in the very street. In the public squares it keeps giving forth its voice.
21
At the upper end of the noisy streets it calls out. At the entrances of the gates into the city it says its own sayings:

22
“How long will YOU inexperienced ones keep loving inexperience,
and [how long] must YOU ridiculers desire for yourselves outright
ridicule, and [how long] will YOU stupid ones keep hating knowledge?
23
Turn back at my reproof. Then to YOU I will cause my spirit to bubble forth; I will make my words known to YOU.

24
Because I have called out but YOU keep refusing, I have stretched out my hand but there is no one paying attention,
25
and YOU keep neglecting all my counsel, and my reproof YOU have not accepted,
26
I also, for my part, shall laugh at YOUR own disaster, I shall mock when what YOU dread comes,
27
when what YOU dread comes just like a storm, and YOUR own
disaster gets here just like a storm wind, when distress and hard times
come upon YOU.
28
At that time they will keep calling me, but I shall not answer;
they will keep looking for me, but they will not find me,
29
for the reason that they hated knowledge, and the fear of Jehovah they did not choose.
30
They did not consent to my counsel; they disrespected all my reproof.
31
So they will eat from the fruitage of their way, and they will be glutted with their own counsels.
32
For the renegading of the inexperienced ones is
what will kill them, and the easygoingness of the stupid is what will
destroy them.
33
As for the one listening to me, he will reside in security and be undisturbed from dread of calamity.”


http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Pro&c=2&v=1&t=KJV#top
1
My son, if you will receive my sayings and treasure up my own commandments with yourself,
2
so as to pay attention to wisdom with your ear, that you may incline your heart to discernment;
3
if, moreover, you call out for understanding itself and you give forth your voice for discernment itself,
4
if you keep seeking for it as for silver, and as for hid treasures you keep searching for it,
5
in that case you will understand the fear of Jehovah, and you will find the very knowledge of God.

6
For Jehovah himself gives wisdom; out of his mouth there are knowledge and discernment.
7
And for the upright ones he will treasure up practical wisdom; for those walking in integrity he is a shield,
8
by observing the paths of judgment, and he will guard the very way of his loyal ones.
9
In that case you will understand righteousness and judgment and uprightness, the entire course of what is good.

10
When wisdom enters into your heart and knowledge itself becomes pleasant to your very soul,
11
thinking ability itself will keep guard over you, discernment itself will safeguard you,
12
to deliver you from the bad way, from the man speaking perverse things,
13
from those leaving the paths of uprightness to walk in the ways of darkness,
14
from those who are rejoicing in doing bad, who are joyful in the perverse things of badness; 15
those whose paths are crooked and who are devious in their general course;
16
to deliver you from the strange woman, from the foreign woman who has made her own sayings smooth,
17
who is leaving the confidential friend of her youth and who has forgotten the very covenant of her God.
18
For down to death her house does sink and down to those impotent in death her tracks.
19
None of those having relations with her will come back, nor will they regain the paths of those living.

20
The purpose is that you may walk in the way of good people and that the paths of the righteous ones you may keep.
21
For the upright are the ones that will reside in the earth, and the blameless are the ones that will be left over in it.
22
As regards the wicked, they will be cut off from the very earth;
and as for the treacherous, they will be torn away from it.


PSALMS 119: 85 to 128

http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Psa&c=119&v=85&t=KJV#85

PSALMS 119:2
Happy are those observing his reminders;
With all the heart they keep searching for him.


...and REPAIRING The SPIRITUAL Gates
through which, the faithful, returning,

may enter into GOD'S HOLY KINGDOM...

NEHEMIAH 1, 2
& 3

http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Neh&c=1&t=KJV&q=NEHEMIAH
http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Neh&c=2&v=1&t=KJV
http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Neh&c=3&v=1&t=KJV


ISAIAH 41:
http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Isa&c=41&v=1&t=KJV#top

PROVERBS 4: 18, 19

But the path 734 of the just 6662
[is] as the shining 5051 light 216,
that shineth 215 more 1980 and
more unto the perfect 3559 day 3117.
The way 1870 of the wicked 7563
[is] as darkness 653:
they know 3045 not
at what they stumble 3782 .

http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Pro&c=4&v=18&t=KJV#top
true lilly
true lilly

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Post  MoMo Thu Aug 04, 2011 3:19 pm

and yet, Australia remains the Runt Continent,.....................................................................................................................................Tzelem Elokim=Humankind as Image of Yah/God

1: Has Intelligence

2: Has Freewill

3: Has component of Spiritual Being-A Soul

4: HaShem/YHWH Rules the Universe and Spirit World, Humans have dominion over the Lower World.

5: Has the faculty of Judgement

6: Has an inherent Holiness and Dignity



As created in the image of God, humans are endowed with "three intrinsic dignities": infinite value, equality, and uniqueness.

The first means that human life cannot be weighed, measured, or compared in terms of, that is, subordinated to, any other value. In the Kantian Parlance humans are always a goal or end in themselves and never a means to something else.

The second term implies that no person or group is privileged over another. In fact, Idolatry results when a person or group absolutizes itself or its message.

The third idea reinforces the dignity of every human by insisting that each person is irreplaceable and has a special role to play in the redemption of the world.

The Jewish religion is founded on the divine assurance and human belief that the world will be perfected." Judaism engages with and seeks to overcome these realities of history through its notion of covenant. The covenant is that dynamic which God inaugurated in history, that partnership between God and the jewish people, to achieve the dignities for which all humans were created. Jews are those teachers, models, and co-workers-having both a divine and human partners - whom God designated to help all persons and even nature achieve redemption. For Greenberg, the messianic dream of perfection will not be realized by divine fiat, but by "improving this world, one step at a time."

These understandings of God, humans, and the world are expressed through the Torah and lived-out by the Jewish people through the Holy days and the Halakhah. In this view, Torah is that divine teaching which stands as "the constitution of the ongoing relationship of God and the Jewish people." Rabbi Greenberg

This expanded view/articulation of higher values help us to search for Yahwehs presence in the secular Realms of Life, some peeps call this: 'Holy Secularism'.

The Covenant is essentially a Divine, Loving, Pedagogic process. As Humans become more competent, Yahweh invites them to take up a more active role in the Task of Tikun Olam/World to Come, as Co-Creators.

The lay people of Yahweh play a more influential role in discerning Yahwehs purpose and in carrying out His Divine Mandates.

Later, ensuing Historical events reshape understandings of earlier Teachings.



Summarized

We=ALL Living things-creatures-sustained and Nurtured by Yahweh-will fill the World with Life.

* We will reshape the Historical Reality, the Flesh & Blood world we inhabit, to sustain that Life at the highest possible level.

* Life will multiply and triumph Quantitatively over all its enemies; including Entropy, Death, and Disorder.

* Life will equally triumph Qualitatively.

* All of Lifes’ capacities/potentials will be developed fully and realized.

* When Life blossoms to its fullest capacity that treats all Life, especially Human Life-the most developed form-and sustains it with the highest and fullest respect that it deserves, then Life will be in harmony with existence and deeply related to Yahweh, its Source and Sustainer(Natural Laws)

* This is the Jews Story, and by default; the Christians/Xns.

* Telling the Story of Creation is the Jews 'Witness'. The present evidentiary Facts contradict the Narrative fairly substantialy.

* Yet, This Story of Creation is shared by Jews and Xns.

* This Story leads Humans to see existence as best they can, from a Cosmic Perspective-Sub Specie Aeternitatis.

* From that Vantage Point there are Three Grand Movements in the unfolding Pattern of the Cosmos

1: The World is moving from Chaos to Order. From the Big Bang, with no Laws of Nature to the regularity of the Life sustaining Laws of Nature.

2: The World is moving from Non-Life to Life. From a State in which no life existed to the emergence of Life. From one cell, untold replications, life has grown Quantitatively, and developed Qualitatively. It has luxuriated and spread into a vast range of forms over and through a variety of sustaining conditions/environments.

* The declaration that Life is growing, moving from non-life to life is counter-intuitive.
Death & Entropy refute that contention.

The 'Key' is Yahweh-The Hidden, Infinite Source of Life with limitless Goodness, Love and Power that sustains Life and Nurtures every possible Form of Life into Being.

* Yahweh, the Divine Source evokes the Third Grand Movement of the Cosmos

3: Life is growing ever more to resemble its Ground: Yahweh.

Life moves from being less to becoming more and more like Yahweh. The highest form of Life, the Human Being, represents the High Point reached thus far.

In Human Form, life so resembles its Maker that it is called; Biblically; 'The Image of Yah'

* This emergence of "The Image of Yah" is the Turning Point in Cosmic History according to Jews & Xns.

Up to that point Life has been sworn to 'Be Fruitful & Multiply' (maximizing reproductive success) through a built-in control Programme-A 'Selfish Gene'- that drives the process.

* The 'Image of God' Consciousness is so much like Yahwehs that Humans are able to 'grasp' this overall pattern of which we, ourselves are part, and to join voluntarily in its realization.

* Similarly, the Human 'Image of Yah' has a capacity to Love ALL their fellow creatures and every aspect of the Universe, as well as the Maker of it all and the Beauty of the Plan.

* Once Humans understand and embrace this understanding, they will lovingly identify with and willingly participate in the process of Perfection.

* Yahweh has invited us, as Humans, The 'Image of Yah', to enter into a Covenantal Partnership, committed to Love, to join fully in perfecting the Universe.

Tikkun Olam

* The People of Israel joyfully acknowledge that Yahwehs first Covenant, the Noahide Covenant, never superseded, is made with ALL Humanity, not exclusively with Jews and/or Xns alone.

* It is made with ALL Sentient Beings.

* ALL Beings are called to recognize and participate in Natures Patterns.

* To accept Limits.

* To Direct their choices and actions in favour of Life.

* To join in working for Order against Chaos.

* We are ALL CHOSEN to become part of the movement from Non-Life to Life.

* We are commanded to increase Life and make it grow ever more like its Maker.


* The purpose of the Religious way of life is to create the nurturing ambience of memory and experience, of relationships and actions that sustain Human growth and turns it towards Yahweh.

* Being in the 'Image of Yahweh' brings with it more Yahweh like capacities. It bestows intrinsic Dignity, a climatic extension of that respect to which all of life is entitled.

* The People of Israel hold these Truths to be self-evident: That ALL Humans are created in 'The Image of Yahweh'; and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rightts, among which are:

* Infinite Value

* Equality

* Uniqueness.

These are Birthrights of every Son & Daughter of Yahweh

The Sinai Event was the ultimate Social Engineering event.
..................................................All life on earth... and even the actual physical elements that comprise the planet itself - the entire world as one, including every level of creation, from the lowest level of the inanimate - stones and earth, to the highest and most intelligent life-form, man himself; an endless pageant which spans every creature, plant and animal - all are constantly and inexorably united by an all-consuming, burning desire for G-d. This is the vital force which drives the world; this desire is the power which fuels the universe... it reverberates within the entire life-force, and the whole globe, like a man beating with one heart, knows on the deepest level with absolute clarity that there is nothing as sweet, desirable, and sustaining as 'Dveykut' - the ability to 'cling' close to the light of the Creator. This is the purpose of life itself, and on the deepest collective intuitive level, all are aware that nothing else is worth living for. This longing is itself the vital life-force of everything, and the entire world draws from it at once. In other words, this longing for G-d is what fuels the world to go on.

Because G-d is the Creator of all existence, He maintains an intimate link with each and every creature, regardless of its spiritual capacity. Obviously not all of creation is equal in spiritual sensitivity. Regardless of this, that link of intimate knowledge still exists, according to its degree of conciousness and development.

Three Revolutionary Innovations in Human History took place.

1: Monotheism

2: Universal Codified Law

3: An Alephbet 1,800 BCE

Monotheism rather than Polytheism, Rule of Law for All rather than the Divine Rights of Kings or Queens and an Aleph/Bet, less than thirty characters that replaced Iconographs/Ideograms and Hieroglyphs, enhancing Literacy amongst the masses.

The abstraction of all these innovations were mutually reinforcing.

Yahweh proclaimed that there exists a Codex of morality that stands above Human intercourse.

The 10 Commandments applied universally to everyone. no King, Pharoah, or Potentate was above the Law.

Refutes the rubric that 'Might makes Right'.

Yahweh expected all His Chosen People TO READ what He inspired to be written.

The Pentateuch is the oldest Book written in an Alephbet-Alphabet. Prior books were written in Cuneiform, Hieroglyphs etc......

Yahweh forbade anyone from visualizing Him. No Images. No Idolatry.

He sanctioned only the written word.

This promulgates equality and openness.

An overarching Theme of the Pentateuch, and ensuing Books of the Bible is: Justice for all.

A distinguishing feature of the Pentateuch from other belief systems of the Time is its dominating Theme of: Righteousness,

Living a pious life and obeying written law was/is more important than winning Battles, honouring the King, or sacrificing to a local god.

Justice for all was a unique community standard in an era when the dominant principle was a raised and clenched fist.

Unlike other ANE Sagas, the Exodus begins with the people shackled slaves.

Unlike other ANE Sagas, Yahweh 'Chose' the people rather than the people choosing their god.
This rediscovery allows each to uncover and affirm each others role in the Divine Plan. The Kingdom of Yahweh is advanced and comes closer.

'You are my witnesses says Yahweh' Isaiah 43:10
The People of Israel are Yahwehs Servants, 'Chosen' to witness to the loving Creator and the Divine Plan for Humanity and the Cosmos.

The People of Israel = not just the Israelis, or Jews, but to all who affirm that Yahweh has made a valid Covenant with Abraham and his descendants and all who take up the task of World Redemption so that the covenant can be fulfilled.
For that is the purpose of making the covenant
.

Xns and Muslims are recognized as Abrahams children when they purge themselves of Supersessionist claims and hatred of Jews.
To be True to its Witness, the People of Israel tell 3 Stories to the World, the rest of Humanity, in the presence of Yahweh and in the presence of their fellow Humans.

1: They tell the Story of Creation, the Divine Vision of an intended perfect World. Jew & Xn stake their existence that this World will come to be.

2: The Story of the Covenant, the process operating between a Divine-Human partnership whereby our imperfect World will be brought back to that state of Perfection.

3: The Story of Redemption-sometimes called: 'The End of Days'-'The Messiah Story'-which is the culmination and realization of the process.

At the end, Holistic perfection will be achieved.
Peace between Humans.
thumbs up cheers wave wacky boobies tholms
MoMo
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Post  MoMo Thu Aug 04, 2011 3:23 pm

Lilly, Queen of Bullshit of the Runt Continent of Australia!!!! Ahoy!!!!

Which Continent is the smallest of the 7 Continents?
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The continents are the great land masses of the earth. There are seven continent on Earth now: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

Continent Area in Square Miles
(Square Km) Percent of Total Land Area on Earth
The World 57,308,738 Sq. Miles (148,429,000 Sq. Km) 100%
Asia (plus the Middle East) 17,212,000 Sq. Miles (44,579,000 Sq. Km) 30.0%
Africa 11,608,000 Sq. Miles (30,065,000 Sq. Km) 20.3%
North America 9,365,000 Sq. Miles (24,256,000 Sq. Km) 16.3%
South America 6,880,000 Sq. Miles (17,819,000 Sq. Km) 12.0%
Antarctica 5,100,000 Sq. Miles (13,209,000 Sq. Km) 8.9%
Europe 3,837,000 Sq. Miles (9,938,000 Sq. Km) 6.7%

Australia (plus Oceania) 2,968,000 Sq. Miles (7,687,000 Sq. Km) 5.2%


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MoMo
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Post  MoMo Thu Aug 04, 2011 3:24 pm

Lilly, Queen of Bullshit of the Runt Continent of Australia!!!! Ahoy!!!!

Which Continent is the smallest of the 7 Continents?
thumbs up

The continents are the great land masses of the earth. There are seven continent on Earth now: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

Continent Area in Square Miles
(Square Km) Percent of Total Land Area on Earth
The World 57,308,738 Sq. Miles (148,429,000 Sq. Km) 100%
Asia (plus the Middle East) 17,212,000 Sq. Miles (44,579,000 Sq. Km) 30.0%
Africa 11,608,000 Sq. Miles (30,065,000 Sq. Km) 20.3%
North America 9,365,000 Sq. Miles (24,256,000 Sq. Km) 16.3%
South America 6,880,000 Sq. Miles (17,819,000 Sq. Km) 12.0%
Antarctica 5,100,000 Sq. Miles (13,209,000 Sq. Km) 8.9%
Europe 3,837,000 Sq. Miles (9,938,000 Sq. Km) 6.7%

Australia (plus Oceania) 2,968,000 Sq. Miles (7,687,000 Sq. Km) 5.2%


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MoMo
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Post  MoMo Thu Aug 04, 2011 3:42 pm

Explain these Lilly, Queen of bullshit. thumbs up

Biblical Archaeology:
Evidence of the Exodus from Egypt
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http://www.bibleandscience.com/archaeology/exodus.htm

Merneptah Stele
Merneptah pylon at University of Penn Museum
One of the most important discoveries that relate to the time of the Exodus is the Merneptah stele which dates to about 1210 BC. Merneptah, the king of Egypt, boasts that he has destroyed his enemies in Canaan. He states: Plundered is the Canaan with every evil; Carried off is Ashkelon; seized upon is Gezer; Yanoam is made as that which does not exist; Israel is laid waste, his seed is not; (ANET 1969, 378).The word "Israel" here is written in Egyptian with the determinative for people rather than land (ANET 1969, 378 note 18). This implies that Israel did not have a king or kingdom at this time. This would be the time of the judges. The text also implies that Israel was as strong as the other cities mentioned, and not just a small tribe. The south to north order of the three city-states may provide a general location for Israel. There is an interesting place named in Joshua 15:9 and 18:15, "well of waters of Nephtoah," that may be the Hebrew name of Merneptah. The well which is probably anachronistically named after Merneptah would be near Jerusalem. The Egyptian Papyrus Anastasi III contains "The Journal of a Frontier Official" which mentions this well. It says:Year 3, 1st Month of the 3rd Season, Day 17. The Chief of Bowmen of the Wells of Mer-ne-Ptah Hotep-hir-Maat--life, prosperity, health!--which is (on) the mountain range, arrived for a (judicial) investigation in the fortress which is in Sile (ANET 1969, 258).Yurco has recently re-analyzed the Karnak battle reliefs, and has concluded that they should be ascribed to Merneptah and not Ramses II (1990, 21-38). There are four scenes which Yurco correlates with the Merneptah stele. One scene is the battle against the city of Ashkelon which is specifically named. Yurco argues that the other two city scenes are Gezer and Yanoam. He concludes that the open country scene must be Israel. Rainey rejects this view because it shows them with chariots and infantry (1990, 56-60). Lawrence Stager suggests that the small horses pulling the chariot belong to pharaoh's army as in the Ashkelon scene (1985, 58). Rainey thinks the Shasu are Israelites, but others identify the Shasu as Edomites (Stager 1985, 60). Both scholars Yurco and Rainey agree that these battle scenes are from Merneptah's reign (Yurco 1991, 61; Rainey 1992, 73-4; Hess 1993, 134). Before the discovery of the Merneptah stele scholars placed the date of the exodus and entry into Canaan much later. They are now forced to admit that Israel was already in Canaan at the time of Merneptah. Israel was big and strong enough to challenge Egypt in battle. This stele puts a terminus ante quem date of 1210 BC for the exodus (McCarter 1992, 132).

Ancient bowl with curses against their enemies. Metro Museum of Art.


Execration Texts
There are two types of execration texts from the 12th Dynasty of Egypt. The oldest type are inscribed red clay bowls that date to the reign of Sesostris III (1878-1842 BC). The second type, dating a generation or two later (Middle Bronze II, 1800-1630 BC) are clay figurines which list cities along major routes of travel (McCarter 1996, 43). The Egyptians practiced the magical cursing of their enemies by inscribing pottery bowls and figurines with the names of their enemies, and then smashing them to break the power of their enemies. "Iy-'anaq" is named which may be related to the Anaqim or giants who dwelt in Canaan before the conquest (ANET 1969, 328). There is the ruler of "Shutu" named Job. Shutu is probably Moab the sons of Sheth (Numbers 24:17; Ahituv 1984, 184). There are the rulers of Shechem, Hazor, Ashkelon, Laish, Tyre, and Pella ('Apiru-Anu). The ruler of Shamkhuna is Abu-reheni (Abraham). The tribes of 'Arqata and Byblos are mentioned (ANET 1969, 329). Jerusalem is named, but there is no mention of Israel. There is the interesting mention of the personal name "Zabulanu" which is similar to the cuneiform for "Zebulon" (ANET 1969, 329 note 6). This was probably not the son of Jacob, but just a popular name? In Ugaritic zbl is a place name (Gordon 1965, Text 1084:13; Glossary #815). Rohl finds the name Jacob and Joseph (Iysipi, E31), but this is highly questionable (1995, 352; ANET 1969, 329). The Execration texts seems to parallel the time of the patriarchs.

Inscription of Khu-Sebek, Called Djaa
A stele found at Abydos tells about an Asiatic campaign by Sen-Usert III (1880-1840 BC) which says: His majesty proceeded northward to overthrow the Asiatics. His majesty reached a foreign country of which the name was Sekmem. His majesty took the right direction in proceeding to the Residence of life, prosperity, and health. Then Sekmem fell, together with the wretched Retenu (ANET 1969, 230b).Some scholars think "Sekmem" is probably Shechem which is located in a pass between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim. Shechem controlled an important trade route and the fertile valley to the East. It seems that Shechem was a very powerful and important city at the time of the patriarchs. The city was surrounded by massive embankments of earth with mudbrick walls on top. During the 17th century BC a rectangular fortress temple was built with walls 17 feet thick (Toombs 1985, 936; Wright 1962; See Judges 9:46). In the Amarna Letters the king at Shechem was Lab'ayu who was the most important ruler in central Palestine (Na'aman and Aviv 1992, 288). Lab'ayu is accused of going over to the side of the Hapiru. The Hapiru are probably the Hebrews during the time of the Judges. Joshua renews the covenant with Israel's leaders at Mount Ebal (Joshua Cool and again at Shechem (Joshua 24). Joshua never took Shechem so some scholars think that the Gibeonite deception included the city of Shechem (NIV, Joshua 9). Joseph's bones which were brought out of Egypt were buried at Shechem. There is no mention of Israel in this text.

The Story of Sinuhe
The story of Sinuhe also gives us a background picture about Syria-Palestine life in the Middle Bronze Age which is most likely the patriarchal period. Sinuhe flees Egypt on hearing of the death of King Amenemhet I (1960 BC) and becomes an exile like Moses. His path of flight may have been similar to the Exodus, but his destination was Byblos. He says, "I came up to the Wall-of-the-ruler, made to oppose the Asiatic and to crush the Sand-Crossers....I halted at the Island of Kem-wer. An attack of thirst overtook me" (ANET 1969, 19; Lichtheim 1975, vol.1, 224; Gardiner 1916; Anati 1963, 386; Rainey 1972). This "Wall" is the fortresses on the eastern frontier near the present day Suez Canal. Kem-wer is the area of the Bitter Lakes.The ruler of the Upper Retenu (northern Palestine and southern Syria) then befriended him, and Sinuhe marries his eldest daughter. It is a tribal society which fights over pasture land and wells. One battle is similar to the story of David and Goiath.In his old age Sinuhe is allowed to return to Egypt. He leaves his eldest son in charge of his tribe and all his possessions of serfs, herds, fruit, and trees. Finally, Sinuhe receives a proper burial in a pyramid tomb. This story gives helpful background information, but there is no mention of Israel. There is a Movie called The Egyptian (1954) that tells the story of Sinuhe.

The Hyksos

Hyksos princess crown Tell el-Yahudiyeh ware

It seems most likely that Joseph rose to power during the time of the Hyksos, or just before in the 12th Dynasty when many Asiatics came into Egypt. It also seems most likely that the Exodus from Egypt should be equated with the expulsion of the Hyksos. Not all the Hyksos were Israelites. It says in Exodus that a great mixed multitude came out of Egypt with Moses (Exodus 12:38). The Greek name "Hyksos" was coined by Manetho to identify his fifteenth Dynasty of Asiatic rulers of northern Egypt. The word comes from the Egyptian Hk3(w) h3swt, which means "ruler(s) of foreign countries" (Meyers 1997, 3:133) which Manetho mistranslated as "Shepherd Kings". The Hyksos were of West Semitic background probably from southern Palestine who migrated down into northern Egypt during the 12th and 13th dynasties. At first they lived peacefully with the Egyptians until the deterioration of Egypt's power when in 1648 BC they captured the Egyptian capital at Memphis.

The Hyksos made Avaris their capital which is modern Tell ed-Dab'a, which was later known as Piramesse (Exodus 1:11). "Avaris" is the Greek term for the Egyptian Hwt-w'rt meaning "mansion of the desert plateau" (Meyers 1997 3:134). Other important Hyksos cities were Tell el-Yahudiyeh (meaning "mound of the Jews") known for its distinctive black and white ware, and Tell el-Maskhuta (probably Succoth in Exodus 12:37 NIV note, 13:20).
Store Cities of Pithom and Rameses

Exodus 1:11 states, "So they put slave masters over them to oppress them with forced labor, and they built Pithom and Rameses as store cities for Pharaoh" (NIV).

Professor Hans Goedicke believes that the Biblical city of Ra'amezez is incorrectly equated with Pi-Ramesses. Hershel Shanks writing about Goedicke's view states, "But the fact is that the store city of Ra'amezez cannot be identified with Pi-Ramesses, the Residence of the Ramessides. This identification is impossible phonetically, as has been demonstrated conclusively more than 15 years ago (D.B.Redford, "Exodus I, II", Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 13, pp. 408-413, 1963). Moreover, the Residence of the Ramessides is never denoted in Egyptian sources by the use of the royal name Ramesses alone. When the Residence of the Ramessides is referred to, the royal name is always connected with the Egyptian word pr, meaning house or residence: the reference is always in the form "Per Ramesses" (BAR, September/October 1981, p. 44).

Long before Per Ramesses, in the same area was Avaris the capital of the Hyksos kings and a border town when written in hieroglyphic transliteration is R3-mtny (Khatana) which is today called Tell ed-Dab'a and is being excavated by Manfred Bietak, Director of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo. The hieroglyphic R3-mtny can be projected back into Semitic transcription as Ramesen. Therefore Shanks concludes, "Biblical Ra'amezez can therefore almost certainly be identified with Tell el-Daba (Ibid.).

Pithom is most likely to be identified with Tell el-Rataba according to Goedicke (Ibid.)

Jacob-El
Yakobher seal from Metro Museum of Art

According to the Turin king list there were six Hyksos kings who ruled for 108 years. One important ruler was named "Y'qbhr" or "Jacob-hr" (Albright 1934, 11). There have been several different translations of this name. Early scholars purposed the meaning of "Jacob-El" as "Jacob is my god", but Albright observed that the name is a name-pattern verb plus theophorous element (1935, 191, n.59; Ward 1976, 358). In Phoenician and Akkadian hr means "mountain". Ward states:Here hr, 'mountain,' appears as a synonym for 'ilu, 'god, much as Hebrew sur, 'rock,' and similar words were used, e.g., Suri-'el, 'El is my rock.' I would thus render Y'qb-hr as '(My) mountain (i.e. god) protects,' which would be identical in meaning to Yahqub-'il (1976, 359).Hr meaning "mountain" or "rock" is identical to the word El or "god". In the Old Testament Zobel proposes:The name (Jacob) is a hyocoristic form of what was originally a theophorous name belonging to the class of statement-names made up of a divine name and the imperfect of a verb. Its full form, not found in the OT, was 'Jacob-El'(1990, 188-9; Shanks 1988, 24-25).

Therefore the name "Jacob" found in the Bible would be the same as the name "Jacob-El" which is found on a number of Hyksos Scarabs. Although this name was common among the Arameans, but uncommon among the Canaanites and Phoenicians (Zobel 1990, 189), R. Weil was the first to connect the Hyksos princes with the Biblical story of Jacob (Kempinski 1985, 134). In 1969 a scarab of Jacob-El was found in the Middle Bronze II tomb at Shiqmona, a suburb of Haifa, that was from a mid-18th century deposit 100-80 years before the Hyksos (Kempinski 1985, 132-3). The Jacob-El of Shiqmona must have been a local Palestinian ruler, possibly the same Jacob of the Bible. According to Genesis 32:23-33 Jacob's name was changed to Israel. Steuernagel was the first to propose the idea of the "Jacob tribe" or "proto-Israelite Jacob group" (Zobel 1990, 194). It may be that the name "Israel" was not officially used until after the conquest of Canaan when a league of 12 tribes was formed. This would help explain the absence of the name "Israel" from early sources. Joseph Austrian Manfred Beitak excavating Tell ed Dab'a, the ancient capital of the Hyksos, between 1984 to 1987 discovered a palace and garden dating back to the 12th Dynasty with a tomb containing a statue of an Asiatic with a mushroom hairstyle that some scholars think might be Joseph (Aling 1995, 33; 1981; Rohl 1995, 327-367). Much more evidence is needed to claim for certain that this is Joseph's tomb (Redford 1970). There is an interesting study done by Barbara Bell on the records of the Nile's water levels. She concluded that in the middle of the 12th Dynasty there were erratic Nile water levels that caused crop failure (Bell 1975, 223-269). Could this be Joseph's famine? There is "The Tradition of Seven Lean Years in Egypt" written during the Ptolemaic period about the reign of Djoser that states: To let thee know. I was in distress on the Great Throne, and those who are in the palace were in heart's affliction from a very great evil, since the Nile had not come in my time for a space of seven years. Grain was scant, fruits were dried up, and everything which they eat was short. Every man robbed his companion (ANET 1969, 31).

The Story of Two Brothers is an Egyptian text that dates to about 1225 BC that is very similar to the story of Joseph. This tale tells how a young man was falsely accused of a proposal of adultery by the wife of his older brother after he had rejected her advances (ANET 1969, 23-25; Lichtheim 1976, 2:203-211). In the 12th Dynasty Egyptian tomb of Khunum-hotep (1890 BC) at Beni Hasan is pictured a caravan of 37 Asiatics arriving in Egypt trading black eye paint (stibium) from the land of Shutu (ANEP 1969, fig. 3). The leader is named Ibsha and bears the title "ruler of foreign lands" from which the name "Hyksos" is derived (ANET 1969, 229). The land of Shutu is probably an ancient term for Gilead (Aharoni 1979, 146). The Ishmaelites who took Joseph down to Egypt came from Gilead through Dothan (Genesis 37:25). In the 13th Dynasty there were a number of Asiatics serving in Egyptian households. One text lists 95 servants from one Theban household with 37 of the names being Asiatics, and at least 28 females (ANET 1969, 553-4; Albright 1955, 222-233). There is a Asiatic women named Sekratu (line 13) which is related to "Issachar." In line 23 an Asiatic woman is called "Asher," and in line 37 another woman is called Aqaba which is related to "Jacob." This may indicate that some of the tribes of Israel were in Egypt at this time. In the Book of Sothis which Syncellus believed was the genuine Manetho it gives the specific time when Joseph rose to power under Hyksos king, Aphophis who ruled 61 years. It says: Some say that this king (Aphophis) was at first called Pharaoh, and that in the 4th year of his kingship Joseph came as a slave into Egypt. He appointed Joseph lord of Egypt and all his kingdom in the 17th year of his rule, having learned from him the interpretation of the dreams and having thus proved his divine wisdom (Manetho 1940, 239). Halpern has concluded, "Overall, the Joseph story is a reinterpretation of the Hyksos period from an Israelite perspective" (1992, 98).

Coffin of Ahmos at Metro Museum of Art


Expulsion of the Hyksos
The earliest document that describes the time of the Hyksos is from the Temple of Hat-shepsut (1486-1469 BC) At Speos Artemidos which says: Hear ye, all people and the folk as many as they may be, I have done these things through the counsel of my heart. I have not slept forgetfully, (but) I have restored that which had been ruined. I have raised up that which had gone to pieces formerly, since the Asiatics were in the midst of Avaris of the Northland, and vagabonds were in the midst of them, overthrowing that which had been made. They ruled without Re, and he did not act by divide command down to (the reign of) my majesty (ANET 1969, 231; Breasted 1988, 122-26; Shanks 1981, 49).The Hyksos worshipped Baal which was associated with the Egyptian god Seth. This led to the neglect of other gods and temples which upset the Egyptians. There is debate over the exact period of time that The Admonitions of Ipuwer describes. The text itself is from the 19th-20th Dynasty. John Van Seters strongly argues for the time of the Hyksos (1966, 103-120). It states: Foreigners have become people everywhere....the Nile is in flood....poor men have become the possessors of treasures....many dead are buried in the river....let us banish many from us....the River is blood (ANET 1969, 441; Lichtheim 1975, 1:151). This sounds similar to the event of the first plague against Egypt (Exodus 7:14-24). The river is not actually blood, but looks blood red because the Nile is flooding. Some speculate that the rest of the plagues are a result of the Nile flooding. The expulsion of the Hyksos was a series of campaigns which started with Kamose who was king in Thebes, and rebelled against the Hyksos. His son Ahmose was finally successful in pushing the Hyksos out. A commander named Ah-mose records in his tomb the victory over the Hyksos. He says: When the town of Avaris was besieged, then I showed valor on foot in the presence of his majesty. Thereupon I was appointed to the ship, 'Appearing in Memphis.' Then there was fighting on the water in the canal Pa-Djedku of Avaris. Thereupon I made a capture, and I carried away a hand. It was reported to the king's herald. Then the Gold of Valor was given to me. Thereupon there was fighting again in this place....Then Avaris was despoiled. Then I carried off spoil from there: one man, three woman, a total of four persons. Then his majesty gave them to me to be slaves. Then Sharuhen was besieged for three years. Then his majesty despoiled it (ANET 1969, 233). Note that Avaris was besieged, there is no mention of how Avaris was taken, and there is no burning of Avaris stated which still fits Josephus' account. Bietak who has been excavating ancient Avaris says that there is no evidence for a violent destruction of Avaris. He states: The archaeological material stops abruptly with the early 18th Dynasty. There are no scarabs of the 18th Dynasty type in Stratum D/2. The most likely interpretation is that Avaris was abandoned. No conflagration layer or corpses of slain soldiers have been found so far in the large and widely separated excavation areas A/II and A/V (Bietak 1988). The end of Avaris may have involved a surrender, or as Josephus has stated, an arranged retreat to Palestine (Against Apion 1.14.88, Bietak 1991, 47).

This exit from Egypt by the Hyksos probably included the Israelites as well. The story of the Exodus is most likely bases on the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt, for there is no other record of any mass exit from Egypt (Robertson 1990, 36; Halpern 1994, 89-96; Redford 1897, 150). The evidence seems to fit well with Josephus' account. Although the Egyptians saw the expulsion of the Hyksos as a great military victory, the Israelites viewed this as a great salvation victory for them. This seems similar to other events recorded in ancient history where both sides claim a great victory. Ramses II battled with the Hittites and almost lost his life, yet he calls this a great victory, but so do the Hittites. In reality it was a stalemate, so they both signed a treaty (ANET 1969, 201; Soggin 1993, 213) Ahab is seen as a powerful king (ANET 1969, 279). Sennacherib claims a great victory over the Jews by taking 46 cities and surrounding Jerusalem. Hezekiah is said to be "like a bird in a cage" (ANET 1969, 288), yet he claims a great victory because Jerusalem is not captured. In the Mesha or Moabite stone (ANET 1969, 320) the king of Moab, Mesha claims a great victory over Israel, yet Israel claims a great victory over Moab (II kings 3:4-27). So it seems that what the Egyptians saw as a great victory over the expulsion of the Hyksos, the Israelites saw as a great exodus victory of salvation.

The Sinai


Archaeological surveys and excavations show that there was very little occupation during the Late Bronze Age (Anati 1986). This seems most likely due to Ahmose's campaign against the Hyksos, and to the Israelites migration to Canaan. The Israelites could not have come out of Egypt in the 14th century because of the lack of archaeological evidence in the Sinai. Two of the most influential German scholars von Rad and Noth argued, "The Exodus and Sinai traditions and the events behind them were originally unrelated to one another" (Nicholson 1973, 1). Von Rad saw the Sitz im Leben of the Sinai covenant in the feast of Tabernacles celebrated at Shechem while the settlement tradition was celebrated at Gilgal with the feast of Weeks. Von Rad also saw Heilsgeschichte (salvation history) strikingly silent about Sinai events (Deut. 26:5b-9). Noth put forth the idea that "early Israel took the form of a tribal league on the analogy of the city-state confederations later attested in Greece and Italy and known to the Greeks as "amphictyonies" (Nicholson 1973, 12-13). On the other hand Weiser vigorously debated the view that the Sinai and Exodus traditions were independent of one another (Nicholson 1973, 33). In 1954 Mendenhall put forth the idea that the Sinai covenant is similar to the Hittite suzerainty treaties (1954, 50-76). Nicholson concludes that one is at an "impasse" since none of these views are convincing (1973, 53). There does seem to be clear parallels between the Sinai covenant and ancient suzerainty treaties, and ancient tribal leagues did exist (Chambers 1983, 39-59). There are various suggestions as to were Mt. Sinai is. De Vaux believes that the theophany of Sinai was a description of a volcanic eruption in northern Arabia (1978, 432-Cool. Exodus 19:18 describes the mountain like a furnace of smoke. From a distance it would look like a pillar of cloud in the day, and a pillar of fire at night. Following this cloud of smoke would lead them right to the volcano. There are no volcanoes in Sinai, but there are several in northern Arabia (Lee 1996, 20). The only known large eruption around this time is Santorini on the Greek island of Thera (Simkin et al. 1981, 111). Professor Goedicke thinks a giant tidal-like wave called a tsunami caused by the eruption of Santorini, destroyed the Egyptian army, and the eruption formed the pillar of cloud and fire in Exodus (Shanks 1981, 42-50; Oren 1981, 46-53). Note that at the time of Ogyges there occurred the first great deluge in Greece. Ogyges "lived at the same time of the Exodus from Egypt" (Eusebius 1981, 524). Maybe a tsunami caused this deluge in Greece? Jewish tradition seems to place Mt. Sinai in Arabia. Demetrius stated that Dedan was Jethro's ancestor which is identified with the oasis of el-'Ela, and when Moses went to Midian he stayed in Arabia (De Vaux 1978, 435). In Josephus' book Antiquities of the Jews he placed Sinai where the city of Madiane was (Antiquities, II.264; III.76). In the Babylonian Talmud (Sotah 5a) R. Huna and R. Hisda say, "the Holy One, blessed be He, ignored all the mountains and heights and caused His Shechinah to abide upon Mount Sinai" (Freedman and Simon 1935, 18-19). According to Old Testament passages Mt. Sinai is identified with Seir and Mt. Paran. Deuteronomy 33:2 says, "The Lord came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from mount Paran" (KJV, see also Judges 5:4-5, Hab. 3:3,7; Axelsson, 1987; Simons 1959). It seems that the itinerary that was followed in Numbers 33:18-36 locates Sinai in northern Arabia. Midian was also located here (I Kings 11:18) where Moses lived with Jethro, priest of Midian, for forty years (Exodus 2:15, 3:1).

TABLE 9
Archaeological Finds in Sinai*

Period & Date Kadesh Barnea Central Negev South Negev Northeast Sinai Southern Sinai
Early Bronze 3200-2200 Dense Dense High Density Dense Egyptian mines
Middle Bronze 2200-1550 Dense Sporadic High Density Dense Egyptian mines
Late Bronze 1550-1200 Sparse Sparse Copper mines Sparse Egyptian mines
Iron I 1200-1000 Sparse Israelite forts & colonies Copper mines Sparse Mining is sparse

*Based on Emmanuel Anati's book Har Karkom: The Mountain of God in 1986.

According to the New Testament, Paul in Galatians 4:25 states, "For this (H)Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia" (KJV). Paul is probably following Jewish tradition that placed mount Sinai in northern Arabia. From Egyptian topographical lists one area the Shasu lived in was Seir. One place is called "land of the Shasu Yhw" (Axelsson 1987, 60). Yhw is used as a toponym, a place-name, which is most likely named after a deity. Yhw corresponds to the Old Testament YHWH, which would make this the earliest known reference. Axelsson concludes, "Thus it is conceivable that the full name of the area in question was Yhw's land, Yhw's city, Yhw's mountain, or the like" (Axelsson 1987, 60). After further study Astour places this city north of Israel in Lebanon (1979, 17-34; for more on the origins of YHWH see, De Moor, 1990, Huffmon, 1971, Murtonen, 1951).

Middle Bronze Age Destruction
The Late Bronze Age begins with the wide spread destruction of the Middle Bronze Age. This may be the result of Ahmose, the Hyksos, or even Israel. There is some question as to how far Ahmose went into Canaan. He did get as far as Sharuhen which a number of scholars think is Tell el-'Ajjul (Rainey 178-85; Shea 1979, 3-5). He besieged it for three years before he took it (ANET 1969, 233). This may be as far as Ahmose got (Hoffmeier 1989). This may also be as far as Israel got. Two years after the Exodus (Numbers 10:11) Israel tried to take Canaan from the South, but failed (Numbers 14:45). This would be at the same time Ahmose was still besieging Sharuhen. Moses may have thought while the Egyptians were keeping the Hyksos of Canaan contained at Sharuhen, that they could conquer the land, but since the Hyksos were strong enough to hold off the Egyptians for three years, they could easily beat Israel. With the defeat of the Hyksos by Ahmose 40 years later Joshua would be able to conquer Canaan, but only a small part of the central highlands was settled by Israel. In the past scholars concluded that Ahmose must have caused the destruction of the Middle Bronze Age, but Reford has shown that Ahmoses' campaign was restricted to Sharuhen and its neighborhood to punish the Hyksos (Redford 1979, 274; Bietak 1991, 58; Weinstein 1981, 1-28). The first substantial campaign against inland Palestine was by Thutmose III (Bietak 1991, 59). From a survey of the central hill country Finkelstein does not connect the Egyptian conquest with the end of the Middle Bronze Age. He states: There is no solid archaeological evidence that many sites across the country were destroyed simultaneously, and such campaigns would fail to explain the wholesale abandonment of hundreds of small rural settlements in the remote parts of the land (Hoffmeier 1990, 87). There are several key cities that will be considered, Jericho, Ai, and Hazor. First of all, is the city of Jericho which is highly controversial about when it was destroyed.

Jericho

Jericho an oasis near the Dead Sea Destruction layer at Jericho

The ancient city of Jericho is identified with Tell es-Sultan. The first large scale excavation was by Sellin and Watzinger from 1907 to 1909. The next major excavation was directed by Garstang from 1930 to 1936. Garstang believed that the fourth city was destroyed by Joshua just after 1400 BC A third major excavation was done by Kenyon between 1952 to 1958. She challenged Garstang's date by insisting that the fourth city double walls were from the Early Bronze Age. Jericho was mainly abandoned during the Late Bronze Age, but the Middle Bronze Age was violently destroyed by fire. Kenyon states: The date of the burned buildings would seem to be the very end of the Middle Bronze Age, and the destruction may be ascribable to the disturbances that followed the expansion (expulsion) of the Hyksos from Egypt in about 1560 BCE (Stern 1993, Vol. 2, 680). Could these disturbances be the Israelite conquest? Both Kenyon and Garstang agree that the Middle Bronze Age city of Jericho was destroyed as a result of the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt. There have been many proposals to solve the time of Joshua's conquest. Courville cuts out over 600+ years by equating the end of the Early Bronze Age with Joshua's conquest around 1400 BC (1971, 151; Bimson 1981, 119). On the other hand Aardsma adds 1,000 years between the book of Judges and I Samuel (1993; Wood 1993, 97). Rohl has subtracted 300+ years from Egyptian history, and James also lowers Egyptian chronology by 250+ years (Rohl 1996; James 1991). One that has been influential in the public is Velikovsky's radical views that deletes 800+ years from history (1950; 1952; Newman 1973, 146-151; Yamauchi 1973, 134-39). Bimson (1981) only lowers the chronology by 100 year, but there is no need to be adding or subtracting years. Equating the Exodus with the Expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt solves this problem. All the archaeological data seems to fit Biblical chronology when this is done, except AI which is highly controversial (See Table 10).

AI
AI has been located at Et-Tell by Albright. A brief excavation was conducted here by Garstang in 1928. A second excavation was done from 1933 to 1935 by Marquet-Krause. A third excavation was conducted by Calloway sponsored by the American Schools of Oriental Research from 1964 to 1970. The major problem here is that AI was destroyed at the end of the Early Bronze Age, and was abandoned until the beginning of the Iron Age, yet Joshua is said to have destroyed it (Stern 1993; Zevit 1985, 58). There are several explanations for this. Livingston locates AI at Khirbet Nisya, yet there is no clear evidence for this (Bimson and Livingston). Yadin interprets the Bible etiologically here (Shanks 1988, 64). It explains how the ruins of AI got this way according to the writer. Millard believes that the villagers would only use Et-Tell as a stronghold when under attack (1985, 99). The name "AI" means "ruin," so AI was destroyed earlier, but reused only as a fort. This seems to be the best explanation.

Hazor
Hazor was a major commercial center. It is mentioned in the Mari documents, and in the Egyptian Execration Texts (Stern 1993, 594). The first major excavation here was by Yadin from 1955 to 1958. Excavations were resumed in 1968 and in 1990. There is speculation that an archive is located in the royal palace (Rabinovich 1996, Cool. This would be a major find, and shed much light on the Late Bronze Age in Israel. The Canaanite city of Hazor has been destroyed several times. The final destruction was at the end of the 13th century which Yadin believes was done by Joshua (Stern 1993). Judges chapter 4 tells about the battle of Deborah and Barak with Jabin the king of Hazor, and his commander Sisera. How could this happen if Hazor was destroyed by Joshua? Bimson thinks that the 13th century destruction of Hazor should be equated with Judges 4 (1981, 181-7). It is wrong to assume that Jabin, king of Hazor is the same person in Joshua 11 and Judges 4. Jabin is probably a dynastic name like Abimelech (Kitchen 1966, 68). A clay tablet with the name Jabin (Ibni) has been found at Hazor (Horowitz 1992, 166). Joshua's conquest of Hazor should be connected with the end of the Middle Bronze Age destruction. Dever places the destruction of Middle Bronze sites from 1550 to 1450 BC (Hoffmeier 1990, 87; Dever 1990, 75-81). This would be at the same time period that Joshua is conquering Canaan. Recent scientific radiocarbon dating of cereal grains from Tell Es-Sultan (Jericho) place the end of the Middle Bronze Age (MB-IIC) around 1540 BC (Bruins and Plicht 1996, 213-14). This would rule out the 1406 BC (Late Bronze Age) date by conservative scholars. Bimson states, "The admittedly poor 'fit' between Biblical tradition and Late Bronze Age archaeological evidence is universally conceded by scholars" (Bimson and Livingston 1987, 41; see Table 11). The problem with Bimson's view is that he eliminates one hundred years from history when there is no need to do this according to radio-carbon dating. New advances in tree ring dating correlated to Carbon 14 will be able to achieve more accurate dates (Bower 1996, 405-6; Renfrew 1996, 733-34; Kuniholm 1996, 780-83).

Egyptian Topographical Lists
Thutmose III
Thutmose and Dr. Meyers at Metro Museum of Art, NYC.
The topographical lists of Thutmose III (ca. 1481 BC) can be divided into two parts; the "Megiddo-list" or "Palestine-list, and the "Naharina-list, or "Northern-list" (Simons 1937, 28). The "Megiddo-list" names towns and places whose chiefs took refuge within the walls of Megiddo, and were taken captive by Thutmose III to Thebes. There are only three copies of this list that contain 119 topographical names (Rainey 1982, 345-359). The "Naharina-list" is just the extension of the "Megiddo-list" containing over 300 place-names. These lists are found in the temple of Amon at Karnak. The lists are probably grouped geographically by regions according to three administrative districts (Aharoni 1979, 158). There were three headquarters during the El Amarna letter which seems to divide this list nicely; Gaza, Sumur, and Kumidi. The first four regions belong to the district of Kumidi; southern Beqa'(#3-11, 55-56), Damascus vicinity (#12-20), Bashan (#21-30), and the northern Jordan valley (#31-4). There are four regions of the Gaza district; the plains of Jezreel (#35-54), the coastal plain and the Sharon (#57-71), Judean hills (#103-6), and the Ephraimite hills (#107-17). The next two regions belong to the district of Sumur; the northern Beqa' (#72-9) and Upper Galilee (#80-102), (Aharoni 1979, 158). North sees the list reflecting the march of Thutmose's army first with numbers 53-119 in the right column, then with numbers 1-52 in the left column (Aharoni 1979, 157). Aharoni sees only a South to North geographic arrangement of place-names along the coastal plain of Sharon (#57-71), (1979, 157). Redford argues for a typical Bronze Age itinerary in numbers 89-101 of the list (1982, 55-74). Hoffmeier does an excellent job of comparing the Annal of Thutmose III with Joshua 1-11 (1994, 165-179; cf. Hess 1996, 160-170; 1994, 191-205; Younger 1990). There are many Old Testament names that are recognized in these lists, but there are two important place-names that effect this study. The first is number 78, Joseph-El, which indicates the tribe of Joseph was already in Canaan before 1481 BC (Redford 1979, 277) which is the 23rd year of Thutmose's coregency (ANET 1969, 235). The second is number 102, Jacob-El, which also indicates the tribes of Israel were already in Canaan at this time. A date earlier than 1481 BC is needed for the Exodus. It may be argued that the name Israel was not yet used at this time until a league of 12 tribes was formed. Others have studied these toponym lists in detail (Giveon 1979, 135-141; Ahituv 1984). Several different locations have been proposed for these palce-names. There are three other interesting name correlations given by Yeivin who states: There is a group of three such names, all connected with the same geographical unit, in which appears also the place-name Jacobel. The first is No. 100, i-i-rw-tw, which could be transcribed 'Ard, and identified in all probability with the Benjamine clan....The second is No. 106 M-(M)-Q-R-W-T, which is transcribed Miqlot (Mikloth), and identified with another Benjaminite clan, descended from the 'Father of Gibeon'....The third place name is No. 108 S3-RW-TY-Y, which is to betranscribed Shelat, and most plausibly identified with Shela, the third and surviving son of Judah by his Canaanite concubine,Bat-shua(1971, 22).

There is an interesting story about how Joppa was captured by soldiers who hid in 200 baskets that were brought into the city on a ruse (ANET 1969, 22). This probably happened on Thutmose III's first campaign.

Amenhotep II
Amenhotep II was the son of Thutmose III who ruled Egypt from 1453-19 BC There are three known military campaigns into the land of Canaan (Aharoni 1979, 166). The lists of prisoners gives a cross-section of the population at that time. Aharoni states: The first group included 550 maryannu (noble chariot warriors), 240 of their wives, 640 Canaanites, 232 royal sons, 323 royal daughters and 270 concubines. A final summary lists: 127 rulers of Retenu, 179 brothers of the rulers, 3600 'apiru, 15,200 living Shasu, 36,300 Huru, 15,070 living Neges, and 30,652 families thereof.... Among the residents of Palestine the Horites account for 66 per cent, the Shasu 27.5 per cent and the 'apiru 6.5 per cent (1979, 168-9; Lemche 1991, 43-46). The Israelites have been associated with both the 'apiru and the Shasu (Akkadian Shutu). Some scholars think the name "Hebrew" came from "'apiru." This does seem to give clear evidence for the Hebrews being settled in Canaan at this time.

Amenhotep III
In the temple of Amon in Soleb (Nubia) there is a topographical list from the time of Amenhotep III (1408-1372 BC). In column IV.A2 is written t3 ssw yhw3 which means "Yahweh of the land of the Shasu" (Giveon 1964, 244; Redford 1992, 272; Astour 1979, 17-34). In the ancient Near East a divine name was also was given to a geographical place where the god was worshipped (Axelsson 1987, 60). This is the first clear extra-biblical evidence of the name "Yahweh." The land of the Shasu may be the same area as the Midianites in the Bible where Moses stayed for 40 years (Axelsson 1987, 61; Giveon 1964a, 415-16). De Vaux says, "Geographers place Midian in Arabia, to the south-east of the Gulf of 'Aqabah" (1978, 332). This also is where Mount Sinai may be located. Astour locates the land in Lebanon (1979, 17). The Shasu were Bedouins who led a nomadic existence. "Shasu" was a general term the Egyptians used to describe any Bedouins East of the Delta. The Egyptians would define certain Shasu according to their location. For example there are the Shasu of Edom (ANET 1969, 259). The word "Shasu" became in Coptic shos meaning "shepherd" (ANET 1969, 259 note 2). It may be that the Israelites when they were wandering in the desert were probably grouped with the Shasu by the Egyptians. Giveon points out marked similarities between the Shasu and the Hebrews (1967, 193-196; Bietak 1987, 169). When they came out of the desert and into the hill country of Palestine, they were probably called Hapiru as in the El Amarna letters instead of Shasu.There is another very interesting name in the temple of Amon in Soleb on Column XA.2 it says, iswr or "Asher" (Giveon 1964, 250). From the position of iswr which is right after qrqms (Carchemish) in the list and before ipttn (column XA4) which may refer to Abez of Issachar (Joshua 19:20), the location of this place would be in northern Palestine. Giveon prefers the translation of "Asher" which may refer to the tribe of Israel. Giveon says, "Les autres toponymes de cette colonne indiquent une region a l'Ouest d'Assur, il est donc preferable d'opter pour Asher" (Translation: The other names in this column indicate a region to the West of Assur, it is therefore preferable to opt for Asher. 1964, 251).

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David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Empty Re: David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA

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On a statue-base of Amenhotep III at Kom el Hetan which is the funerary temple of Amenhotep III there is a topographical list with the place-name Yspir (Series a:1; Kitchen 1965, 2). This is the same name translated "Joseph-El" in Thutmose III's Topographical list (ANET 1969, 242). After Yspir in both lists the place-name Rkd appears (Series a:2 in Amenhotep III's list, and #79 in Thutmose III's list; Simons 1937, 112). Rkd is the same place-name as Ruhizzi in the El Amarna letters (EA 53:36, 56; EA 5426; EA 56:26; EA 191:2; Rainey 1982, 354). The ruler of Ruhizzi is Arsawuya who seems to be located in northern Palestine or southern Syria (EA 53:36, 56; Moran, 125).

Seti I
Seti I is the founder of the 19th Dynasty whose goal was to revive the Egyptian empire. The kings of the 19th Dynasty identified themselves with the Hyksos religious tradition of worshipping the god Seth (Baal) whom Seti (Seth's Man) was named after. In 1320 BC Seti celebrated the 400th year of the reign of Seth, and the beginning of the Hyksos rule (1720 BC). Ramese II (1279 BC) set up a 7.2 foot high granite monument called "Stele of the Year 400" at Avaris which he renamed Pi-Ramese, "House of Ramese" (ANET 1969, 252-3; Breasted 1988, 3:238-42; McCarter 1996, 46-7). This founding of the Hyksos rule is most likely alluded to in Numbers 13:22 which says, "Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan (Avaris) in Egypt" (KJV; Mazar 1986, 21; Albright 1957, 242). In Seti's first campaign there is a battle with the Shasu which is pictured on the Karnak reliefs (ANEP 1969, fig. 323-9). The tribal chiefs of the Shasu are gathered on the mountains of kharu (upper Galilee) to fight the Egyptians. It says: The foe belonging to the Shasu are plotting (5) rebellion. Their tribal chiefs are gathered in one place, waiting on the mountain ranges of Kharu. They have taken to clamoring and quarreling, one of them killing his fellow. They have no regard for the laws of the palace (ANET 1969, 254; Breasted 1988, 3:52).

Seti claims victory against "the Shasu from the fortress of Sile to the Canaan" which includes the "Upper Retenu" (ANET 1969, 254; Aharoni 1979, 177; Lemche 1991, 46-48; Giveon 1971). It seems that this general term "Shasu" is referring to the Hebrews who lived in the mountain ranges of upper Galilee. "They have no regard for the laws of the palace" may be because they are following the laws of Moses. "They have taken to clamoring and quarreling" seems to describe the period of the Judges. Note that they have "tribal chiefs" and no king at this time. There is one important name on the topographical list from Karnak, i-s-r (Simons 1937, 147). Aharoni believes that this name is "the earliest reference to the Israelite tribe of Asher. I-s-r (#265) also occurs in Ancient Egyptian Onomastica by Gardiner (1947, 192-3; Paton 1913, 39). A stele of Seti I discovered at Beth-Shean states that the Hapiru from Mount Yarumta with the Tayaru attacked the Asiatics of Rehem (ANET 1969, 255; Rowe 1929, 88-93). Mount Yarumta is probably Jarmuth of the tribe Issachar (Joshua 21:29). It seems that the tribe of Issachar is already in Canaan by this time (1303 BC; Aharoni 1982, 124). Breasted concluded that these Shasu (Bedwin) are the same as the Hapiru of the El Amarna letters. He says, "The attempt of the Hebrews to gain a footing in Palestine is undoubtedly involved in the larger movement of the Bedwin, which Seti here records" (1988, 50). On the next page is a summary of the keys names found in ancient Egyptian topographical lists (Table 12).
Ramses II
Rameses II at U of Penn Museum.

Ramses II came to power in about 1279 BC And reigned for 67 years. A stele from his 9th year was discovered at Beth-shean that mentions the Shasu and the city of Per-Ra-messu which is the same name in Exodus 1:11 (Rowe 1929, 94-98). In the Nubian city of Amara-West the remains of a temple of Ramses was uncovered. A list of 104 Asiatic names were discovered which names places in the Negeb, Edom, the city of Dor, and some think Jericho (Horn 1953, 201-3). One interesting name that was found is yhw which is "Yahweh" in Hebrew (Horn 1953, 201; Giveon 1964, 244). The line reads t3 s3sw yhw which I translate as "Yahweh of the land of the Shasu" (Horn 1953, 201; Giveon 1964, 244; Astour 1979, 17). In reliefs from Luxor the land of Moab (m-w-i-b) and Dibon (t-b-n-i) are first mentioned in Egyptian (Aharoni 1979, 182). In Ramses II's topographical list the place-name "Jacob-El" (#9) appears again (ANET 1969, 242; Simons 1937). The first appearance was in Thutmose III's list. This means that this city of Jacob has been around for two hundred years. Contemporary with Ramses II is "A Satirical Letter" that describes the geography of Canaan. In this letter it mentions "Qazardi, the Chief of Aser" (i-s-r, Asher; ANET 1969, 477).

TABLE 12
Egyptian Topographical Lists

Names Tuthmosis III (1481 BC) Amenhotep II (1440) Amenhotep III (1386) Seti I (1291) Ramses II (1275)
Jacob-El yes yes
Joseph-El yes yes
Asher yes yes yes
Yahweh yes yes
Shasu yes yes yes yes
Hapiru yes yes


See ANET, 242-3.

Aharoni states, "The use of this name to define a tribal group in Canaan at that time proves that it must be equated with the Israelite tribe of Asher" (1979, 183; Mazar 1986, 37). This description of Canaan seems to match the description of the border land of Canaan in Numbers 34. This brings us up to the time of Merneptah where Israel is specifically mentioned. One important group of letters that must be considered in depth is the El Amarna letters.
Shasu

The Amarna Letters
Akhenaton Akhenaton's Cartuoch at U of Penn Museum

In 1887 an Egyptian peasant woman discovered a collection of cuneiform tablets at the site of Akh-en-Aton's capital from the 14th century BC, now called Tell El-Amarna. There were a total of 377 tablets found. Later some more tablets were found. About half of them were written in Akkadian by Canaanite scribes in Palestine describing the conditions there. One major problem was the "Hapiru" who were taking over the land. They wanted the king of Egypt to send reinforcements."Hapiru" is probably related to the word "Hebrew" (Greenberg 1955, 91-2). Hapiru (Akkadian) is sometimes spelled "Habiru" or "'apiru" (Egyptian). The Egyptian word is 'pr. In these letters "Hapiru" is spelled with the Sumerian logogram SA.GAZ. Hapiru was a general term for "robber" or "migrant" (Astour 1962, 382). Na'aman states, "Common to all the people designated as 'Habiru' is the fact that they were uprooted from their original political and social framework and forced to adapt to a new environment" (1986, 272; Buccellati 1977, 145-7). He believes the best meaning of Habiru is migrant, but in the Amarna letters it went beyond this to "a derogatory appellation for rebels against Egyptian authority" (Na'aman 1986, 275). Rowton says: The term 'apiru is of West Semitic origin, and it first appears in Mesopotamian urban society at a time when that society was being penetrated by Amorites. This suggests that it was brought in by the Amorites and that it originally denotes some aspect of tribal society....the economically and socially uprooted" (1976, 17). The use of the term "Hebrew" in the Old Testament is found primarily in the pre-monarchical period, and used in unfavorable contexts by foreigners like the Egyptians (Gen 39:14,17, 41:12; Ex. 1:16, 2:6) and the Philistines (ISam 4:6,9; 13:3,19; 14:11; 29:3). The bands of David and Jephthah give some of the clearest pictures of what the Habiru were like (Mazar 1963, 310-20). It seems that later in history the social meaning of Hapiru was changed to an ethnic term for Israel. The social term Hapiru disappeared in ancient texts (12th century BC) mainly due to the rise of national states, but was kept in Israel and developed into an ethnic term (Na'aman 1986, 286).

The El Amarna letter 288 from Jerusalem says: The strong arm of the king seizes the land of Nahrima and the land of Cush; but now the Hapiru are seizing the cities of the King! There is not a single governor (left) to the king; all are lost. Behold, Turbasu was slain at the gate of Zilu (but) the king kept silent. Behold Zimredda, the (sons of) Lachish smote him, slaves who have become Hapiru (Na'aman 1979, 678; Moran 1992, 330-32; ANET 1969, 488-89; Na'aman and Aviv 1992; Pfeiffer 1963, 50).

The El Amarna (EA) 299 from Gezer says, "Now the Hapiru are prevailing over us. So may the King, my Lord, take me away from the land of the Hapiru, so that the Hapiru will not destroy us" (Na'aman 1979, 679; Moran 1992, 340). EA 273 says, "May the king, my lord, be informed that war is waged in the land and that the land of the king, my lord, is being ruined by going over to the Hapiru" (Na`aman 1979, 680; Moran 1992, 318).

In EA 256 (line 18) the name "Yashuya" appears which some have tried to connect to the name "Joshua" (Weippert 1962, 128; ANET 1969, 486; Moran 1992, 309). Rohl equates this name with "Jesse" father of David (1995, 228). Albright does not think "Yashuya" is Joshua because Joshua would probably be written as Ya-hu-su-uh (1943, 12 note 27). This letter is from Mut-Ba'lu, prince of Pella, to the Canaanite Yanhamu who was the Egyptian commissioner for Palestine and Syria. Mut-Ba'lu denies he has hid Ayyab (Job), the prince of Ashtaroth (in Bashan) who was wanted by Yanhamu for robbing a Babylonian caravan (Albright 1943, 9-10; Na'aman and Aviv 1988, 181). "Yanhamu" may be of Hebrew origins (ANET 1969, 486 note 11). In lines 22-24 it says, "all the towns of the land of Garu (Golan) were hostile--Udumu" (Albright 1943, 14). Albright says, "The name (Udumu) is clearly identical with that of Edom ('Udumu) and the legendary land of 'Udm ('Udumu?) in the Keret Epic of the fifteenth century BC" (1943, 14 note 36).

Pfeiffer says, "Although the place names of the Amarna texts are parallel to those of the Old Testament, the personal names are totally different" (1963, 53; Ahituv 1984). In the Amarna letters Abdi-Khepa is king of Jerusalem where as in Joshua Adoni-zedek is king (Joshua 10:3). Meredith Kline has therefore concluded that the Conquest by Joshua of Canaan precedes the Amarna Age. He sees the Hapiru as the oppresses in the book of Judges (1957; Pfeiffer 1963, 53).

Cities that are not mentioned in the El Amarna letters are also important to note. Bimson says: The fact that various Canaanite cities important in other periods do not feature in the Amarna correspondence is adequately accounted for by the fact that the incoming Israelites had destroyed them just a few decades before. Cities which do not feature include Gibeon, Jericho, Hebron (?), and Bethel (1981, 227).

The important cities of the El Amarna letters are the cites which weres not taken by the Hebrews. These are Jerusalem (Judges 1:21), Megiddo (Judges 1:27), and Gezer (Judges 1:29). The cities of Hazor and Lachish revived quickly from destruction while Shechem probably went over to the Hebrews with the Gibeonites, and was never destroyed. In Joshua 11:10 Hazor is called "the head of all those Kingdoms" which are mentioned in the first three verses of Joshua 11. This description of Hazor as "the head of all those Kingdoms" does not fit well with the El Amarna letters (Late Bronze Age), but is an excellent description of the Middle Bronze Age (Bimson 1981, 228). The king of Hazor in EA 148 is charged with aiding the Hapiru which is just the opposite of what happens in the book of Joshua. EA 148 says, "The King of Hasura (Hazor) has abandoned his house and has aligned himself with the 'Apiru" (Moran 1992, 235).

Ahlstrom states, "several letters seems to indicate that most of Palestine is 'apiru territory" (1993, 245). The Hapiru of these Amarna letters seem to clearly be identified with the Hebrews of the Old Testament during the time of the judges before the monarchy.

The Hapiru are not just mentioned in the Amarna letters. In Ugaritic a tablet (2062:A:7; Gordon 1965, Glossary #1899) found in the oven when Ugarit was abandon shows that the Hapiru were active here around 1200 BC Not all Hapiru were Hebrews. Greenberg states, "Since the time of Bohl it has become commonplace that 'all Israelites were Hebrews (Hapiru), but not all Hebrews (Hapiru) were Israelites'" (1955, 92).

In a letter found at Taanach the personal name Ahiyami, or Ahiyawi was found which suggests this name is compounded with Yahweh. Paton says, "This favors the theory that the Habiru in Canaan were Israelites" (1913, 38). Albright claims that in EA 252 there is an archaic Hebrew proverb. About 40% of EA 252 is written in pure Canaanite (or Hebrew). In lines 15-18 there is a proverb which Albright compares with Proverbs 6:6 and 30:25 about the ant which says, "If the ants are smitten, they do not accept (the smitting) quietly, but they bite the hand of the man who smites them" (1943, 29). This is more evidence that the Hapiru in Canaan were Hebrews.

There is a newly discovered prism of a new king named Tunip-Tessup of the kingdom of Tikunani that names a number of Hapiru (438) who were soldiers or servants (Shanks 1996, 22; Salvini 1996). When this is translated this may give us some more clues to who are the Hapiru.

Ugaritic Texts
In the spring of 1928 a Syrian farmer was plowing his field when he uncovered a stone over a grave. Archaeologists were called in which led to the discovery of the near by ancient city of Ugarit, modern day Ras Shamra (Curtis 1985, 18; Craigie 1983, 7). Many clay tablets were uncovered which were written in cuneiform in a language now called "Ugaritic." See also Ugarit and the Bible. Since Ugaritic is very similar to Hebrew it can help illuminate Hebrew words. One of the most interesting personal names is ysril which equals "Israel" in Hebrew (Gordon 1965, Text 2069:3; Glossary #1164). It is the name of a charioteer (mrynm; Zobel 1990, Vol.6, 399). While this is not referring to Israel as a nation, it does show the use of this personal name in the Late Bronze Age. The name "Israel" may have originally meant "El rules" in Ugaritic (Zobel 1990, 401).

Another interesting name is yw (CTA 1 IV:14; Herdner 1963, 4) which may be identified with "Yahweh" in Hebrew according to Dussaud (Cooper 1981, 367). Herdner states that the reading yw is certain (1963, 4 note 3). Murtonen also argues for this reading (1951, 6-Cool. Gordon says, "Yahwe with -h- corresponds to Yw exactly like yhlm to Ug. ylm" (1965, Glossary #1084). The name yw appears in the Baal and Yam text which is part of the cycle of Baal myths. The supreme god El instructs Kothar-and-Khasis (the craftsman god) to build a palace for Yam (Sea) who is also called judge Nahar (river). As El sits in his banqueting hall he declares to the other deities that Yam's personal name was yw, but his new name is to be "darling of El" (Deut. 33:12). In order to secure his power Yam must drive his rival Baal from his throne. El then holds a feast to celebrate this naming ceremony (Gibson 1977, 3-4). The actual text in line 14 (CTA 1 iv:14; Herdner 1963, 4; Gibson 1977, 39) says, sm. bny. yw which I translate as "the name of my son is Yahweh." This would make Yahweh a rival of Baal which is reminiscent of the conflict of Elijah with the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel (I Kings 18).

Could Yahweh have originally been associated with the sea god Yam of the Canaanites? Murtonen sees Yw as a variant or epithet of Yam (Cooper 1981, 367). MacLaurin sees 'elohim as a composite of 'eloh + Yam meaning "the god Yam" (Cooper 1981, 368). This is probably very unlikely. Pope states, "Morphologically it ('elohim) is the plural of 'eloah" (1955, 9; Dijkstra, 1995, 53; Cross, 1973, 65). Pettinato suggested that Ya appears in Eblaite at the end of names like Baal does in Ugaritic. One example is dmrb'l meaning "Baal is my sentinel" compared to dmry meaning "Ya is my sentinel" (Pettinato 1981, 277; Compare this with Exodus 15:2). Pettinato later states that Ya does not refer to an individual god, "but rather an absolute or divine god" (1991, 180).

The Ugaritic personal name abmlk corresponds to the Hebrew name "Abimelech" (Gordon 1965, 348). The ab means "father", and mlk means "king", therefore meaning "father of the king." Closely related is the name abrm which corresponds to the Hebrew "Abiram" or "Abram" which Abraham was called before his name was changed (Genesis 17:5; Gordon 1965, Text #2095:4; Albright 1935, 193). The word abrm is probably from AB (father) plus rm (high) meaning "exalted father" (Clements 1974, 52-53; See the summary chart in Table 13). The place-name ablm in Ugaritic "probably connects with such Hebrew toponyms as Abel-beth-Maacah, Abel ha-Shittim, Abel Mizraim" according to Gaster (Astour 1975, 255). Barton thinks that Daniel and Aqht were pre-Israelite heroes of Galilee, and translates qrt.ablm as "city of the meadows" and identifies it with Abel-beth-Maacah in I Kings 15:20,29 (Astour 1975, 255). The word ablm may also mean "mourners" (Gordon 1965, 349; Glossary #27).

TABLE 13
Ugaritic Texts with Old Testament Names

Transliteration Translation Ugaritic Text*
qrt . 'ablm city of Abel CTA 19 IV:165
abmlk Abimelech UT 314:8
abrm Abraham UT 2095:2,4
AB . 'adm father of mankind (Adam) CTA 14 III:151
atr . B'l Asher Baal (place-name) UT 62:7
wl . 'udm . trrt and to well-watered Edom CTA 14 III:109
ysril Israel UT 2069:3
bnmt son of Moses UT 2046:rev.5
yw Yahweh CTA 1 IV:14
y'l Ya(hweh) is God UT 311:7
zbl Zebulon UT 1084:13
*UT-Ugaritic Textbook by Gordon in 1965. CTA-Corpus Tablettes Alphabetiques by Herdner in 1963.

The city ablm in Aqht is the "meadow" were Aqht, son of Daniel, was slain (CTA 19 IV:163-166; Astour 1975, 254; Gibson 1977, 199). Because of the spilling of Aqht's blood there would be crop failure for seven years. The land would dry up. Could there be a double meaning here, and in Genesis 4 for Abel meaning "meadow" and "mourner" (or dried up) was slain in a field? Cain also would have crop failure (Gen. 4:12).

The Ugaritic mt according to Aistleitner is derived from the Egyptian ms meaning "child" (Gordon 1965, 440; Glossary #1579). Gordon states, "The vocalization of the Eg.(Egyptian) mose (as in 'Thutmose') suggests that 'Moses' is the same n.(noun) that appears in Ug.(Ugaritic) lit.(literature)" (1965, 440; Glossary #1579).

In Ugaritic the place-name zbl is mentioned that is the same in Hebrew as "Zebulon" (Gordon 1965, Text 1084:13; Glossary #815). Both words come from the same root meaning "to raise, elevate" (Astour 1975, 284). This text is a list of the quantities of wine from the areas it was produced. Astour notes that zbl is "A town in the Piedmont district of the Kingdom of Ugarit, now Karzbil" (1975, 284). Although this does not refer to the tribe of Zebulon, it shows the use of this word during the Late Bronze Age (1550-1200 BC).

There is one tablet among the administrative records at Ugarit that mentions a man from Canaan. The text says y'l. kn'ny, "Ya'el the Canaanite" (Gordon 1965, 206; Text 311:7; Rainey 1963, 45). Ya'el may have been a Hebrew. This also seems to indicate that Canaan was "a district separate and distinct from the kingdom of Alalah" (Rainey 1963, 43; Na'aman and Aviv 1994, 403).

The Ugaritic story of Keret is about a just king named Keret who had no heir. He was told by El in a dream to gather an army and march seven days to Udm (Edom). He is then to wait seven days before he asks for the daughter of the king of Udm in marriage. He will then have eight sons and daughters. Albright says, "The name (Udumu) is clearly identical with that of Edom ('Udumu) and the legendary land of 'Udm ('Udumu?) in the Keret Epic of the fifteenth century BC" (1943, 14 note 36). Gordon states, "It is no accident that Udm (cf. & 'Idomeneus' the Cretan leader of the Iliad) occurs in the Krt text....The Caphtorians settled in Canaan, from Ugarit to Edom" (1965, 352; Glossary #85; CTA 14 III:108-9). The seven day wait is reminiscent of the seven day wait around the city of Jericho (Joshua 6:3-4). This story shows that Edom is already a kingdom at this time.

The Philistines
Around 1200 BC the Philistines migrated in great numbers to Canaan after the great sea battle with the Egyptians. On the walls of Ramses III's temple of Medinet Habu there are reliefs showing the battle with the Philistines (ANEP 1969, figs. 7,9,57,& 341; Yadin 1963, 336-43; Dothan 1992, 16-22). In the topographical list of Ramses III the city of Jacob-El is listed as well as the city of Levi-El (ANET 1969, 242-3).

In the book of Judges the Philistines do not come into the picture until the end of the judges with Samson (Bimson 1981, 86-88). So most of the book deals with problems before the Philistines came to power in 1200 BC The Philistines probably fled their homeland of Crete after the eruption of Santorini on the island of Thera. They are mentioned in the Iliad of Homer (Book I, Bierling 1992, 51, 72). Probably after the Trojan War the Philistines migrated south and tried to take over Egypt. Because they were not successful they settled in Canaan.

There are five groups of sea people, Philistines, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denye(n), and Weshesh (ANET 1969, 262). One group of sea peoples called "Denye(n)" or "Dannuna" is what Dothan suggests could be the tribe of Dan in the Bible (1992, 215-19; Iliad, Book 1.56, 87). Philistine pottery, U of Penn



Settlement
There have been a number of theories that have questioned the conquest of Canaan. They opt for a peaceful infiltration or a peasant's revolt in the hill country. It was Alt who first suggested in 1925 that the Israelites gradually infiltrated into Canaan peacefully (Yamauchi 1994, 16). In 1962 George Mendenhall first proposed the "Peasant Revolt Model" which was further developed by Norman Gottwald (Mendenhall 1962, 66-87; 1973; 1958, 61-64). Mendenhall suggested that "Israel came into existence as the result of sociopolitical upheaval and retribalization among the Canaanites at the end of the Late Bronze Age" (Yamauchi 1994, 17-18; Freedman and Graf 1983). Some of the evidence that is put forth is that tribes are already in the land, but this is because they are assuming a late date for the Exodus. The names of the tribes, or patriarchs show that they were already settled in Canaan by Thutmose III's campaigns into Canaan (1490 BC).

An analysis of the genealogies in the Bible is very illuminating. According to the book of Chronicles there is no genealogy for the tribe of Dan, and Zebulon. Manassah had an Aramean concubine, while some claim Gad and Asher are Canaanite divinities. Yeivin states, "it should be observed that many of the names occurring in these genealogies are either blatantly geographical or connected with place-names; while others are definitely personal names" (1971, 11; De Geus 1993, 74-5). De Vaux goes into much detail on the origins of the different tribes mentioned in the genealogies of the Bible (1978).

The best explanation of this seems to be that Israel is a confederation of Hapiru tribes in the hill country of Canaan, that formed the nation of Israel in the Iron Age. Originally Abraham was part of an Amorite migration south into Canaan from Mesopotamia which continued down to Egypt climaxing in the Hyksos rule. In Deuteronomy 26:5 Jacob is called a "wandering Aramean" which is a late term for Amorite (De Vaux 1978, 200). The exodus is to be identified with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt by Ahmose (1570 BC). Then they wandered in the wilderness being included among the Shasu, and caused the fall of MBIIIC cities in Canaan (the conquest). The Conquest was not total but just in the highlands for Egypt controlled the lower lands and coast. They were called Hapiru (from which the name Hebrew originates) in the Amarna period (time of the judges) until their league was consolidated into 12 tribes which became the nation of Israel in the Iron Age.

Conclusion
It seems clear after looking at a number of ancient writers that all the ancient Jewish writers took the 430 or 400 years to cover the time in Egypt as well as Canaan. The Book of Jubilees counted 400 years from Abraham's entry into Canaan. Most of the Jewish writers counted the 400 years from Isaac's birth to the exodus. The actual time in Egypt was only 185 to 215 years according to most writers; however, Midrash Abkhir specifically states 86 years in Egypt (Rappoport 1966, Vol.2, 286-7). Another important note is that most of the Jewish writers pushed the date of the exodus back to about the time of the expulsion of the Hyksos. Joseph would have rose to power just before or during the time of the Hyksos.

Josephus says there are 592 years from the Exodus to the founding of Solomon's Temple (960 BC), while Sedar Olan Zutta says 480 years. The best explanation of this discrepancy is the omission of the oppressions in the Book of Judges (111 years). This was a common ancient practice as seen in ancient Egyptian king lists.

Josephus goes into detail quoting Manetho showing that the Jews were in Egypt. He equates the Jews with the Hyksos, and the Exodus with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt by Ahmose who founded the 18th dynasty (1570-50 BC). Manetho had access to the original Egyptian hieroglyphics that modern scholars do not have. Yet modern scholars today, both liberal and conservative place the Exodus much later, and claim there is no evidence of the Exodus in Egyptian writings. The best explanation is to identify the Exodus from Egypt with the expulsion of the Hyksos for there is no other mass exit from Egypt.

A number of secular writers tell about the origin of the Jews with disdain. Some picture the Jews as leprous. They identify the Jews with the Hyksos who were expelled from Egypt by Ahmose. This expulsion is seen as a great defeat and humiliation, yet the Jews claim a great victory. This scenario is seen in other ancient writings like Ramses II and the war with the Hittites. Each side claims victory. Sennachrib destroyed 46 cities in Judah, yet Hezekiah claims a victory because he did not take Jerusalem.

The early Church Fathers all equated the Hyksos with the Jews, and the Exodus with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt by Ahmose. The only exception is Eusebius who did not account for overlap of reigns, and omits the years of oppression.

A look at the New Testament gives convincing proof that Paul in Galatians 3:17-18 saw the 430 years starting with the promise to Abraham. The Jews were not in Egypt for 400 years, but the 400 years applied to their sojourn in Canaan as well which was controlled by Egypt. The LXX interprets it this way in Exodus 12:40. In Acts 13:20 it is clear that there are 450 years for the time of the judges, but this does not seem to square with the 480 years from Solomon's Temple to the Exodus, because the years of oppression are omitted. This would place the exodus back to the time of the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt.

A look at all the archaeological evidence shows that the best fit of the data is to identify the Exodus with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt around 1570-50 BC The most important discovery is the Merneptah stele that mentions Israel which forced the revision of a number of liberal theories. Before the discovery of this stele scholars placed the date of the exodus and entry into Canaan much later. They were now forced to admit that Israel was already in Canaan at the time of Merneptah. This puts a terminus ante quem date of 1210 BC for the exodus.

The execration texts which date back to at least 1630 BC mention city-states like Jerusalem, Shechem, and Hazor, but no mention of Israel. Another inscription of Khu-Sebek mentions Shechem, but not Israel.

Most scholars will place the Jews, pro-Israelites, or even Jacobites in Egypt at the time of the Hyksos. There are many scarabs with the name "Jacob-El." This seems most likely to refer either directly or indirectly to Jacob of the Old Testament.

The expulsion of the Hyksos seems to fit well with the story of the Exodus. Not all Hyksos were pro-Israelites. It says in Exodus that a "mixed multitude" left Egypt. Although the Egyptians saw the expulsion of the Hyksos as a great military victory, the Israelites viewed this as a great salvation victory for them. This seems similar to other events recorded in ancient history where both sides claim a great victory.

The evidence from the Sinai shows little occupation during the Late Bronze Age which is probably due to the expulsion of the Hyksos, and when Ahmose marched to Sharuhen, and besieged it for three years. The Middle Bronze Age destructions seem to fit well with the conquest of Canaan by Joshua.

Egyptian topographical lists are key in showing who and where people lived. The oldest list is from Tuthmosis III which names "Jacob-El" and "Joseph-El" as cities in Canaan. It is paramount to understand that cities were named after an important person or god. This seems to be clear evidence that pro-Israelites were in Canaan at this time (1481 BC).

During Amenhotep II's reign (1453-1419 BC) there is a list of prisoners that mentions 3600 'apiru, and 15,200 living Shasu that were taken as prisoners from Canaan. Some of these were probably Hebrews.

In the temple of Amon in Soleb (Nubia) there is a topographical list from the time of Amenhotep III (1408-1372 BC) That gives the name "Yahweh of the land of the Shasu" (Giveon 1964, 244; Redford 1992, 272; Astour 1979, 17-34). In the ancient Near East a divine name was also given to a geographical place where the god was worshipped (Axelsson 1987, 60). This is the first clear extra-biblical evidence of the name "Yahweh." Also named are "Asher" and "Joseph-El" which indicates that the Hebrews were in Canaan at this time.

In Seti's first campaign (1291 BC) There is a battle with the Shasu which is pictured on the Karnak reliefs (ANEP 1969, fig. 323-9). The tribal chiefs of the Shasu are gathered on the mountains of kharu (upper Galilee) to fight the Egyptians. It seems that this general term "Shasu" is referring to the Hebrews who lived in the mountain ranges of upper Galilee at this time.

In Ramses II's topographical list (ca.1275 BC) the place-name "Jacob-El" (#9) appears again (ANET 1969, 242; Simons 1937). The first appearance was in Thutmose III's list. This means that this city of Jacob has been around for two hundred years. Another interesting name that was found is yhw which is "Yahweh" in Hebrew (Horn 1953, 201; Giveon 1964, 244).

It seems abundantly clear from all these topographical lists concerning Canaan that the Hebrews were in Canaan at this time, but they did not use the name "Israel" until there league of tribes was well formed by the time of Merneptah.

The El Amarna letters describe the troublesome Hapiru that were taking over the land of Canaan. This seems to fit well with the Hebrews during the time of the judges. The word "Hebrew" probably came from the word "Hapiru."

In Ugaritic texts one of the most interesting personal names is ysril which equals "Israel" in Hebrew (Gordon 1965, Text 2069:3; Glossary #1164). While this is not referring to Israel as a nation it does show the use of this personal name in the Late Bronze Age. Another interesting name is yw (CTA 1 IV:14; Herdner 1963, 4) which may be identified with "Yahweh" in Hebrew. While one of these names alone is not conclusive, yet when all of the personal names and place names are considered, there seems to be abundant evidence for the Hebrews living in Canaan during the Late Bronze Age.

Therefore the best explanation for all of the archaeological evidence seems to be that Israel is a confederation of Hapiru tribes in the hill country of Canaan, that formed the nation of Israel in the Iron Age. Originally, Abraham was part of an Amorite migration south into Canaan from Mesopotamia which continued down to Egypt climaxing in the Hyksos rule. The exodus is to be identified with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt by Ahmose (1570-50 BC; Frerichs and Lesko, 1997, 82, 96). Then they wandered in the wilderness being included among the Shasu, and caused the fall of MBIIIC cities in Canaan (the conquest). The Conquest was not total but just in the highlands for Egypt controlled the lower lands and coast. They were called Hapiru (from which the name Hebrew originates) in the Amarna period (time of the judges) until their league was consolidated into 12 tribes which became the nation of Israel in the Iron Age.

This paper has shown that most of the ancient writers equated the Exodus with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt around 1570-50 BC Most ancient writers put the Jews in Egypt for 215 years or less. According to most ancient writers the 430 years in Egypt was taken to start with the promise to Abraham, and the 400 years from the birth of Isaac. Others begin these years with Abraham's entry into Canaan. All of the ancient Jewish and Christian writers considered in this paper took the 430 or 400 years to cover the time in Egypt as well as Canaan. Biblical writers also agree with these ancient traditions, and the archaeological evidence reinforces these views.



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53b: A Covenant of Fate, Part 2
Anti-Semitism and Its Causes: The Psychological Background

Anti-semitism is a multi-faceted phenomenon, which lends itself to various analyses. I would like to demonstrate that the various dimensions of analysis do not contradict one another. In fact, their juxtaposition creates a complete picture. Here we will discuss the first level, the psychological dimension. To explain it, I will use a simple allegory. Psychologists often employ the Rorschach Test in their analysis of patients. The test uses a well-known technique known as the projective technique. The patient is asked to look at a series of pictures and explain what he sees. These pictures have no intrinsic meaning. In fact, they are simply ink blots on paper that created symmetrical designs when the paper was folded in two. As previously mentioned, the pictures do not represent anything, yet people look at them and explain them. The explanations do not exist in the pictures; they exist in the person's mind. This is an opening, through which the psychologists try to enter the inner world of the person, who "projects" what is inside himself onto the pictures.

This mechanism, according to many psychologists, can shed light on the phenomenon of anti-Semitism. The anti- Semite sees in the Jews negative qualities that threaten and endanger him. These characteristics don't exist in the "picture"; they only exist in the mind of the beholder. They are the projections of the anti-Semite, who uses the Jew as a blot of his own making, and upon which he projects the black sides of his inner world. This, in very general terms of course, refers to the psychological background of anti-Semitism. The fact that the Jew is a minority, a foreigner who is relatively easily identified, was a psychological cause that contributed to the choice of the Jew as the screen upon which the anti-Semites threw their fears and hatred. This is actually the explanation for a number of noticeable characteristics of anti-Semitism. We find many types and forms of attacks on Jews. In one place the Jew is described as having one trait, and in another place he is accused of the opposite characteristic. This is true regarding both his personal traits and his social and political traits. Thus, for example, the Jew is portrayed as the capitalist trying to take over the world, and on the other hand as the revolutionary, who is attempting to weaken the power of wealth and utterly abolish personal ownership. The fact that we are faced with a psychological phenomenon means that we must not search for logic here. All anti-Semites project their various and contradictory fears upon the Jew.

Anti-Semitism and Its Causes: The Social Basis

Whoever thinks that this analysis has exhausted the topic of anti-Semitism is fooling himself. Anti-Semitism is a social, not an individual, phenomenon. In addition to its psychological aspects, we must study anti-Semitism from its social and general perspectives as well. A view of history and philosophy in recent generations will be of help in our attempt. Let us therefore move on to the second level of our analysis, the collective, political and social level. Until now we have examined a phenomenon that has already been expressed by the earliest thinkers of the last century. They viewed anti-Semitism as part of Xenophobia, and indeed, the phenomena we have expressed until now are merely details within a much larger context, that of the strains that exist between various groups, between the majority and the minority, and even between various races who live together within one society. From this perspective, there is no essential difference between the hatred of Jews and the hostility that exists towards other races, such as blacks. However, this is but one level of the explanation. Until now we have identified the roots of the problem, and its individual expressions.

If anti-Semitism were only an individual psychological phenomenon, it would be similar to other forms of discrimination and hostility; however, in the modern world anti-Semitism takes on a different hue. Various groups have used it for political purposes. We can trace clear attempts to use psychological hostility – which, it seems, has deep religious roots – to forward political aims. Thus, modern anti-Semitism was born, and acquired a more and more tragic and satanic form. The widespread use of this technique began in Czarist Russia, in the struggle to smother those revolutionary attempts that finally toppled the Czarist rule. Through the Czarist secret police, the rulers attempted to identify revolutionary action with the activities of the Jews. The rulers of Czarist Russia fought against certain phenomena, and in this fight they created a kind of equation, which was supposed to prove their claims. The Czarist secret police created one of the documents that became an anti-Semitic classic, "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion." This book reveals the so-called secret plan weaved by the leaders of the Jews, to take over the entire world. "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" became a holy book among the anti-Semites.

"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" was simply a rewriting of a French book that attributed ambitions to take over the world to Napoleon. This booklet is called "a dialogue in hell between Machiavelli and Montasque," or "Politics of the Nineteenth Century." These accusations were not at all directed towards the Jews and Judaism. However, the dialogue was adopted and transformed into the protocols of an imaginary group whose members were the world leaders of Judaism, attempting to take over the politics of various European countries.

Even the Czar himself, Nikolai the Second, although far from bearing the Jews any fond feelings, saw that the book was a fake and opposed its publication. Despite this, the first Russian edition appeared in 1905. A number of years later, other editions began to appear. Some of the editions were altered and corrected in order to make it possible to accuse the Jews of various catastrophes that took place between one edition and another. At various opportunities, it became the topic of public court cases, in which the book was proved to be a forgery. However, this of course did not check the book's growing popularity, particularly in the wake of the Nazi influence. The book influenced various writers, who were mistakenly taken in and convinced of its authenticity. Thus, for example, Henry Ford was inspired by "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" to write "The International Jew," in which he continues these accusations. Various other books were written in its wake until recent years.

This is an example of a lie and forgery that the power of truth could not effectually surmount. This abominable book became a justification of Nazism and the genocide that followed in its wake. This is an example of the phenomena that we must deal with. Forgeries spread throughout the world, and people are convinced.


49c: Cinderella, part 3:


The book of Job represents the conflict between Judaism and the other central religions. Both Islam and Christianity, throughout the generations, have continually employed a claim in the anti-Jewish argument that can be termed "the exile proof." The success of these religions is seemingly a proof that God is on their side. I propose to prove the opposite theory, that it is the anti-hero who is God's ally.

Our forefathers knew that the exile was a trial to be overcome. The Jew refuses to accept the claims of his friends; he insists upon the justice of his path. This insistence has a sublimity to it, which is expressed in the Jewish existence in exile. The members of the Great Assembly recognized this when they coined the phrase we use in our prayers, "the great mighty and awesome God." When the prophets saw the destruction, they omitted parts of the formula one by one, and questioned His might and greatness. These omissions are built upon the approach that says that truth is revealed on the battlefield, or through political or financial success. The members of the Great Assembly re-instituted the authentic phrase "the great, mighty and awesome God" and claimed that paradoxically, through Jewish existence in exile, God's greatness and might are expressed. On the one hand, the irrational existence of the Jews in exile is the miraculous existence of one lamb among seventy wolves. Yet on the other hand, the exile expresses the fact that the Jewish people accepted the yoke of Heaven, not from a state where God made sure they lacked for nothing, not from a state of military success or financial abundance, but from poverty and suffering, without even the hope of change in the foreseeable future.

Cinderella's sisters found proof of their preferred status in their success. However, their success was, of course, helped by the sword. Christianity and Islam used the sword, and their covenant with the sword, to take over the world. Job, who worships God within his suffering, reaches the highest level of divine worship. Whenever Jews chose to suffer rather than utter the one traitorous word that could have altered their fate, it was a constant sanctification of God's name. Putting the Jewish people (and Job) through suffering was God's great gamble against Satan, and cosmically, their continued acceptance of God was a greater proof of the truth of Judaism than a triumph on the battlefield. This perhaps sounds surprising. However, if we would possess a consciousness of the truth, we would be able to understand the profound value of our exile and our suffering. It is for the lack of this consciousness of the truth that the king is justified in his criticism of the Jewish people; as the Chaver says, "You have found the place of my shame, King of Khazar" (1:115).

We are sometimes missing an awareness of the significance of the life that we live. We sometimes live with no awareness of our position and no understanding of what is really taking place in our lives. The Jew always knew that he could escape his fate by uttering one word, yet he refused to do it. We must be aware of this heroism, that we accepted our suffering out of love and longing for God. The Jew knows this, yet sometimes he does not know that he knows it.

Rihal teaches us that the suffering of the Jews in exile was a sacrifice for the sake of the Torah. It was a life of martyrdom, the highest level exalted by the Christians and Moslems. Rihal reiterated the principle (2:34, 4:22) that many of the values extolled in Christian and Moslem theology are Jewish values that were fulfilled by the Jewish people. The most obvious example is the section in Yishayahu (52:13-53-12) that speaks of the suffering servant of God. God's suffering servant is actually the Jewish people. The Christians applied this section to their Messiah. Rihal restores the section to its authentic meaning.

Rihal fought against a phenomenon that can be termed stolen identity. The phenomenon has many levels. Christianity claimed to be the true Israel. Islam claimed that the Koran is the authentic holy writ. Our return to the land of Israel was accompanied by a similar process. The Palestinian charter is a reworking of the principles of Zionism.

Despite this re-evaluation of suffering, there is no doubt that it is impossible to discuss history without also speaking from the perspective of chapter 42 of Job. Judaism believes that redemption is assured. It is not possible that God will suffer evil forever. However, we are discussing reality from the perspective of an earlier chapter. We don't have the perspective of the ending. Our generation must view itself as fortunate because we can read the first few verses of the final chapter, the first glimmerings of redemption. We see the course of history changing. Rihal, in contrast, lived at a low point of Jewish history, when the Christians and the Moslems were at the height of their power. Each ruled over half the world and claimed that their success was an expression of divine blessing. Judaism is Job's great gamble against his friends. It is the gamble of the sufferer when redemption is beyond the scope of his horizon. The response of Job/the Jewish people is "Even if He kills me, I still hope to Him" (13:15), and at the same time, "I will wait for [Messiah's] arrival every day."


49d: Cinderella, part 4:

Exile and Redemption

The faith in redemption is paramount in our theology. The Torah, stamped with divine truth, prophesies the redemption of the Jewish people. God has foreknowledge of world history. Therefore, we pray to Him to involve Him in our redemption.

Rihal teaches us that the process of world redemption continues to take place, even while the Jewish people are in exile. Divine providence functions in ways that are mysterious to us, and seem to bring about the complete opposite of redemption. Rihal and the Rambam after him (Rambam, laws of kings, chapter 11), teach us that the mysterious workings of divine providence stand behind the success of Christianity and Islam as well. The message of Judaism was spread to the ends of the earth through these messengers. Thus Rabbi Abraham, son of the Rambam writes in his father's name:

"By keeping my Torah, you will be world leaders, your relation to them as that of a priest to his flock, the world will follow in your footsteps and imitate your actions and follow your paths. This is the explanation I received from my father of blessed memory." (Rabbi Abraham son of the Rambam, commentary on Bereshit and Shemot)

This idea is repeated in Rabbi Bachya ben Asher's "Kad Kemach:"

"And the reason for the dispersion in my opinion...is that the Jews be spread among the nations...and they will teach them the belief in the existence of God and of the divine providence that hovers over every detail of human existence." (Kad Kemach, Redemption)

Later this idea was expressed by Rabbi Chayim ben Betzalel, brother of the Maharal. In his interpretation of the prophecy of Isaiah the servant of God he writes,

"And we may also explain: God wished to oppress the Jews and disperse them among the nations for the sake of the goodness of the other nations who are also the work of His hands; through the Jews who are dispersed throughout the world the true faith will also be spread throughout the world...for God desired the nations also to hold the true faith...for this reason they [the Jews] are called children of Yizrael, [literally, God will plant], for they are the seed that God planted throughout the world, like the person who plants his wheat and does not throw it down in one place but spreads it to all the edges of the fields, so the Jews were dispersed to the four corners of the earth, so that through them the true faith would spread throughout the world. (The Book of Life, Book of Redemption and Salvation, chapter 7)

Exile is a trial, a trial that is part of a divine plan of history. However, the proof of the truth lies also in the ending of the book of Job, which closes, despite everything, with redemption. The key to understanding this ending lies in the verse that tells us that God "returned the exiles of Job" (Job 42:10). This verse loses its meaning if it does not create an association with other similar verses: "when God shall return the exiles of Zion...Return, O God, our exiles." The return of the sons and daughters of Job represents the return of the nation after the exile. The end of the book prophesies the redemption, and bears witness that despite everything, history owes a debt to the Jewish people. Ultimately, history will be altered, and the world will witness the redemption and the return.

We cannot think about the history of our ancestors in exile without an awareness of their greatness. However here too, thank God, our situation has changed. We, the modern successors of the Kuzari, must emphasize different things today. These are the ideas Rihal will teach us in the end of the fifth section of the Kuzari. We must understand that in our day the exile is a trap, and our attitude towards it must be one of repudiation and aliya (literally, going up) to Israel. The status of exile today can be summed up in one sentence: exile today is not a punishment, it is a sin.

The Dry Bones

Rihal discusses the question of the fate of the Jewish people in his discussion of the suffering of the individual (3:11). He teaches us that the meaning of suffering for the individual must reflect the meaning of the suffering of the group as well.

"For when the confusions of logic arouse in his heart the length of the exile and the dispersion of the people and the dwindling of their numbers - he must first comfort himself with accepting divinely proscribed fate as I have said, and then with the attempt to punish sins, and then with the reward and punishment which await in the World to Come and cleaving to the Divine Presence in this world."

A third stage is added to the first two responses to suffering. To the philosophical stage in which we accept the meaning of evil, we add the understanding of reward and punishment, and to these we add a third stage, the persuasion that the sufferings of the past build us up towards the future. This is true both with regard to the individual and the nation. To this Rihal adds:

"And if Satan brings him to despair by saying, "shall these bones live?" for our imprint among the nations has been greatly reduced and our memory is forgotten, as it is said, "our bones have dried up we have lost hope, we are doomed," he must think of the miracle of the exodus from Egypt...and then it will not seem impossible to him that we will return to our former state even when there will be only one person left of us, as it is written, "fear not, worm of Ya'akov." for what is left of man after he becomes a worm in his grave?"

Here we meet once again with Rihal the daring commentator. There are many ways that the term "worm of Ya'akov" is commonly explained. Particularly well known is the explanation of the Sages that, like the worm, our power is in our mouths. However, Rihal takes an amazing leap of interpretation here. He takes "worm of Ya'akov" to mean a worm on a dead body, the final sign of life. Despite it all, we will rise again.

Here we see, regarding both the individual and the nation, that suffering is first and foremost a trial. This is in essence Job's question. Job asks the question of suffering, and refuses to accept the standard philosophical answers. Yet, he believes. In next week's lecture, we will analyze the meaning and essence of this faith.....................49e: Cinderella, part 5:

Exile and Redemption


I would like to explain the meaning of Job's faith by means of a contrast between two situations in modern literature. I will bring the first example from a short story by a well-known author, who inherited the Jewish tradition from his parents' home. This tradition has not disappeared despite the power of the evil inclination. He himself is very aware of this struggle, and does not want to lose his Jewish roots. I am speaking of Isaac Bashevis Singer. I will refer to one of his stories, entitled "Zeidlus the First." Zeidlus is of course a Latin play on the Yiddish name Zeidel. Singer tells us of a man named Zeidel, a learned Jew whom Satan attempts to lead astray. All of his initial efforts fail. The regular temptations do not work on Zeidel. However, the temptation of pride is too strong for Zeidel to resist. How does one tempt a Jew with pride? If you convert, says Satan, you will go far; you will become Pope Zeidlus the First. Zeidel falls into the trap. However, his life does not turn out exactly the way Satan promised him.

Rabbi Nachman of Breslov teaches that Satan is like the person who shows a child his closed hand and promises, "if you do such and such I will give you what is in my hand." The child does what he is asked, and afterwards, when the hand opens, the child sees that it is empty.

We will not go into all of Zeidel's adventures. We will only say that he failed at everything, and when Satan appears at the moment of death to take his soul, and Zeidel sees him, he exclaims,

"Is it you Satan, angel of death?"
"Yes Zeidel," replies the Tempter, "I have come for you. And it won't help you to repent or confess, so don't try."
"Where are you taking me?" he asked.
"Straight to Gehenna."
"If there is a Gehenna, there is also a God," Zeidel said, his lips trembling.
"This proves nothing," I retorted.
"Yes it does," he said. "If Hell exists, everything exists. If you are real, He is real. Now take me to where I belong. I am ready."

This idea, of the discovery of God beyond evil, is completely opposed to a message that appears in one of Ingmar Bergman's "philosophical" films, "The Seventh Seal." In the film – which has a Christian background - a knight appears who asks the final questions, and in one of the dialogues of the film someone who has seen the angel of death claims that he looked into his eyes, but beyond them one could see nothing. In contrast to this, the meaning of the story of "Zeidlus the First" is that beyond evil one can see good. This is the great leap that we must take: the leap from the absurd into a meaningful existence.

The Torah concludes with a commandment to study a song and remember it from generation to generation, so that it will exist forever. This is the song of "Hearken" ("Ha'azinu"). The Torah explains that days will come when

"I will hide My face from them and they will be prey, and will be beset by many evils and troubles and they will say on that day, 'it is because my God is not with me that we have been beset by these evils'... And now, write this song for yourselves and teach it to the children of Israel, place it in their mouths, so that this song will be a witness for the Children of Israel." (Devarim 31:17-19)

A time of great suffering will come, and the nation will ask the question, is God indeed among us? Or in a more modern version, "Can one believe in God after Auschwitz?" The Torah commanded us to study this song, so that we will know that despite the pain and evil, God is with us. This is the song that comes to teach us that even in the midst of evil, God is with us.

"How can one [man] chase a thousand and two [men] pursue ten thousand, if their Rock had not sold them, and God had not trapped them." (Devarim 32:30)

Despite everything, the world is not left to its own devices. This is a prophetic promise given to us so that we will not give up hope.

And here I will dare to make the terrible leap, towards the eyes of the Angel of Death. In our generation we have learned something beyond what Rihal has taught us. We can learn about the truth, as Rihal said, from the fact that God revealed himself at Mount Sinai and chose the nation that He loves, the Chosen People, and gave them the Torah. However, to our sorrow, in history there is another way as well. If Satan appeared, and I was indeed certain that he was Satan, I could learn, paradoxically, from him, that the Chosen People are the nation that Satan recognizes and announces to be his enemy. History has shown us many anti-Semites, great and small. However, Satan himself was none other than Nazism. Nazism appeared and, pointing at the Jewish people, announced, "This is my enemy." We have learned that the Jewish people are the Chosen People - from the evidence given by Satan. Satan did not hate the Jews because we were opposed to his political ideas or because we disturbed his plans. The child and the old man, who were powerless to harm anyone, were also Satan's enemies. To some extent, the Holocaust was an Encounter at Auschwitz, parallel to the Encounter at Mount Sinai, in which Satan appeared and showed us the way to the great leap, the need to see beyond the empty eyes of the Angel of Death. Beyond them there is something else. It is not emptiness. Zeidlus the First was right: "If you are real, He is real."

The world understands this logic, even if only subconsciously. We can understand this if we analyze different reactions to the Holocaust. The anti-Semite complains that the Nazis did not finish the job. We are also familiar with the attempts of Nazi sympathizers who want to deny the Holocaust, and sometimes we hear both claims at once. This is one side of the range of responses. However, on the other side we hear more sophisticated denials. For many years we have been witnesses to an attempt, by the Poles for example, to deny the fact that the Jews were the victims of the Holocaust. However, the most evident attempt in this area is without a doubt the establishment of the Carmelite monastery at Auschwitz. Here we are faced with an attempt to rewrite history: Christianity was one of the victims of Auschwitz. The Church did this, for example, by making a Jewish convert to Christianity into a Christian saint. This is because, consciously or subconsciously, everyone whose conscience was not destroyed by Nazism understands that every honest person should have been at Auschwitz. There Satan made the selection. And whoever was not chosen by him to be wiped out, cannot possibly be the chosen one of God.

Cinderella and her sisters

Today we can understand this because of the perspective that we have on the first verses of the last chapter of the book of Job. From this perspective, which stems from a sense that we are at the beginning of the Redemption, we ought to reread the end of the story of Cinderella. How did Cinderella treat her sisters after her rise to greatness? I leave the reader to do his own homework, but I promise him that a look at the various versions will be very interesting. What God expects from Job is clear. God expects Job to pray for his friends who have constantly directed their arrows at him. This is a very difficult moral paradox. However, it helps us to understand the secret of the ending of the book. The redemption of Job represents the return of the Jewish people to their land. The verse actually uses the phrase "returned his exiles" (42:10), which is essentially a national term. Now we also understand another difficulty. His first children are lost to him, yet Job's comfort - a comfort that does not erase the pain - is in his second children. The Holocaust was an event that can never be forgotten, and we are left with problems that cannot be rationally explained away. However, now we see the return of Job's exiles, and the prayer that he wishes for the whole world: may sins, not sinners, be obliterated.

Job's friends, Cinderella's sisters, are the other religions that point an accusing finger at Job: Job, you are suffering, this is proof that you have sinned, this means that God has rejected you. The book ends with the meeting with the prince: "and God returned the exiles of Job" - this is the Redemption.


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Post  MoMo Fri Aug 05, 2011 11:33 am

I spam lilly cuz the Ho won't slap herself.

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David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Pimp

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOgFw0nN7o4

Yo lilly, Queen of Bullshit from Runt Australia, come over here and bend over my desk, I want you to meet ol' mister one eye. thumbs up
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Post  true lilly Fri Aug 05, 2011 11:39 pm

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT_J8-gwAPmkXsRNlQTUE0_zAtwj7rzl7Om4XFMOaVnE-_ODe5anw
Is it just me, or is there a bit of
An OWL down at
The EUREKA POOL/EUREKA CENTRE Park...

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 536614


David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT_J8-gwAPmkXsRNlQTUE0_zAtwj7rzl7Om4XFMOaVnE-_ODe5anw
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Ankara_Atakule_Tower

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Ankara_barosu
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 528px-Armada_Ankara

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Ankara_01_OrchardH2--3387_WEB
EAHN Office

c/o RMIT TU Delft

P.O. box 5043

2600 GA Delft

The Netherlands

office at eahn dot org

true lilly wrote:
true lilly wrote:09-12-2009, 12:39 PM #1069
Quote:
Originally Posted by vera susa
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 ViewpostIs it just me, or is there a bit of
An OWL down at
The EUREKA POOL/EUREKA CENTRE Park...

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 536614
sorry, my google earth won't work...
but it does remind me of an EVIL thought I had
during my HARASSMENT last night...

TATTOOS are Coded Language to...
remember how NAZIS made Lamp Shades
out of HUMAN TATTOOED SKINS...
Ilse Koch
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Koch0001
The Bitch of Buchenwald
[loose translation of camp-era nickname
"Hexe"=witch,
used by English press during trial]

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Koch-lam
This is a picture of a lampshade ...
The drawing is a tattoo that was on the man's chest.

http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/...women/ilse.htm
imagine if BABY FUCKERS/TRADERS
were NOT ALLOWED TO ADVERTISE ANY MORE....

David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 EvilKittyOwlsHoodedTop-Front2
evil owl tattoo
David Icke site BETRAYS AUSTRALIA - Page 2 Bam3po4
Bam's tatt of his google eyed, mumbling,
convicted pedophile uncle Don Vito...

http://forum.tattootattoo.info/index...opic,20.0.html

OUT! OUT! DAMN SPOT...
before you're spotted
and it's too late to turn around

AND EVEN MORE on this page, again, fobbed off as meaningless
by the popular and powerful...and YOU NOW what MEANS!

http://www.davidicke.com/forum/showt...1956&page=1698

BTW, 'spot' didn't get out in time...
stayed and stole even more from me,
and now is being 'eaten alive' by the
WITCHES HE GROVELS TO IN FEAR...
BACK IN BLACK...
true lilly
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